Reflection on Academic Writing Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Reflection on Academic Writing - Term Paper Example The disciplines I have read widely about include humanistic, analytical and legal psychology. In reading widely on human psychology, I understand that this discipline typically holds that humans are inherently good creatures. It uses a holistic approach to the existence of humans. This discipline also pays a special attention to phenomena such as human potential, free will and creativity. Basically, I have come to understand this discipline encourages us to view ourselves as â€Å"whole people.† It also encourages self exploration and not just the study of behavior in other people. Also, in researching and writing about analytical psychology, I have come to understand that this discipline emphasizes on the main importance of an individual psyche as well as the personal quest for wholeness. The discipline also recognizes the significance of the symbolic in human life. Lastly, in writing legal psychology, I have understood that the discipline involves studying legal institutions, psychological research about the law and those who come in contact with the law. In reasearching widely and writing about the three disciplines, I have seen myself being a better, writer and a researcher in psychology. However, despite my growth in understanding of this field, I have encountered a lot of challenges. For instance, being an interdisciplinary field, it lacks a solid purpose and definition. However, I have done more research and consultation in this field to overcome these challenges (Beech, 2009). In the process of reading and writing psychological papers, I have used different materials. Since the materials differ greatly, I have been in a position to gather information from different sources. As noted earlier, I have used the different materials to research widely on various disciplines in psychology. In reading different materials for different disciplines, the information I have gathered greatly differs. Getting

Role of family in health and disease Essay Example for Free

Role of family in health and disease Essay The good health of an individual primarily increases the longevity of an individual’s life. The sphere of health has increased far beyond the concept of health system of the previous generation, including exercise and well-being. In this context, autonomy means the right of the patient to choose the treatment that he believes is best for him. The intimate knowledge of the family regarding the individual aids the decision making process. When the individual is in poor health, his actions are limited thereby necessitating support from family and friends. Stress When there is a common problem creating stress, the whole family is stuck in a vicious cycle of negativity aggravating health related issues. When there is an increasing demand in the ability to cope, stress becomes a threat to the physical and emotional well-being of the others as well. Stress is a psychological and physiological response to events that cause personal imbalance in life. Prolonged exposure to stress increases the risk to health as stress is cumulative. Anything that forces one to adjust is a stressor. These include a divorce, a child leaving home, a planned pregnancy, a move to a new town, a career change, graduating process, diagnosis of a malignant disease. These events are rare occurrences in a lifetime. Therefore, analyzing further, we conclude that major stressors are the daily hassles and demands made on an individual.[i]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Family and relationships are the most common stressors, though environmental conditions can be strenuous. Arguments, financial conditions, marital disagreements, rebellious teens, or caring for a chronically ill family member or a child with special needs can increase stress levels of all the family members. Some of these situations have an impact on society. Therefore, poverty, financial pressures, racial and sexual discrimination or harassment, unemployment, isolation, and a lack of social support take a toll on the quality of life and become stressful to deal with. Stress Warning Signs and Symptoms[ii] Cognitive Symptoms Emotional Symptoms Memory problems Indecisiveness Inability to concentrate Poor judgment Anxious or racing thoughts Constant worrying Loss of objectivity Fearful anticipation Moodiness Agitation Restlessness Irritability, impatience Inability to relax Sense of loneliness and isolation Depression or general unhappiness Physical Symptoms Behavioral Symptoms Headaches or backaches Muscle tension and stiffness Diarrhea or constipation Nausea, dizziness Insomnia Chest pain, rapid heartbeat Weight gain or loss Skin breakouts (hives, eczema) Eating more or less Sleeping too much or too little Procrastination, neglecting responsibilities Using alcohol, cigarettes, or drugs to relax Nervous habits (e.g. nail biting,) Overdoing activities (e.g. exercising, shopping) Overreacting to unexpected problems    FAMILY STRESS Family stress is the imbalance between the demands of the family and its ability to cope. The way in which the family perceives the stressor explains the values and previous experiences of the family in meeting the crisis. The family is aided by resources like the external support provided by friends, colleagues and the community. The central mechanism through which the stress is eliminated or managed is â€Å"Coping†. The following elements that we consider are the individual family member, the family system, the community to which the family belongs. Problem Statement: Let us cite an example to prove that stress caused due to families will increase the health risk of all members. The concept of a broken family which is a major factor attributing to chronic stress will be examined in detail.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The root cause of poverty and income disparity is undeniably dependant on the presence or absence of the marriage. A married person remains influenced by factors that  Ã‚  Ã‚   inoculate that person against divorce. These include sharing a religious faith, getting married over the age of 25 and completing education. All of these factors lead to greater economic prosperity and remain a basis for good health. Broken families experience lower levels of educational achievement and therefore earn less. They pass on the prospect of meager incomes and family instability to the next generation. Broken families arise from divorce, cohabitation, out of Wedlock childbirth. Divorce The Monthly Vital Statistics report from the National centre for health statistics has stated that the growth in the number of children born into broken families in America has risen to 58 for every 100 born in 1992 from 12 for every 100 born in 1950.[iii] It directly reduces the prosperity of the family. It determines the length of the poverty spell and is the greatest threat to women from the lower income families. It reduces the likelihood of asset formation. â€Å"For a nuclear family, the family income averaged at $43,600, and when these same children lived with single parents, their family income is reduced to an average income of $25,300.[iv] It increases a mother’s financial responsibility. Divorce and additional work hours affect her network of support for parenting. These chronic stresses lead to physical and mental illness, addictions, even leading to suicide in some cases. There is a reduction in the educational accomplishments of the affected children.   Therefore, their probable prosperity level remains unachieved. There is a rise in the chance of a teenage pregnancy. The family and social stress weakens their psychological and physical health, and predisposes them to rapid initiation of sexual relationships and higher levels of marital instability. It raises the probability in boys never to marry.[v]. For the father, factors like increased financial responsibility, greater chances of cohabiting, decreasing parental influence, and addictions, decrease their performance at work. The relationship and work related stresses could trigger major health problems. Cohabitation These couples express uncertainty about their marriage together and are probable to divorce at a rate higher mainly due to their inability to commit. The present generation exhibit that sex, living arrangements and parenting depend less on marriage. 40% of the cohabiting couples have children, and 12% have had a biological child during cohabitation.[vi] 80 % of children who have lived with cohabiting parents will spend some of their childhood in a single-parent home.[vii] Cohabiting marks future weakness in the income gained by a nuclear family, tending to aggravate the social and economic stresses caused to the children. There is a growing acceptance of illicit relationships and premarital sex amongst children of the adolescence stage. This leads to increase in teenage pregnancy. The stress caused by the family coupled with stresses created by the society make it difficult for the children to cope with. They increase anxiety and temper related issues and mental stress. They tend to experience behavioral problems. Living together creates an imbalance in the emotional and financial security of an individual. These chronic stresses affect the health of the individual. Out-of-Wedlock   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This situation derails progress towards achieving a stable family structure and good health. Most teenage mothers remain single parents[viii]. Their children spend more time in poverty and appalling living conditions in comparison to children from any other family structure. They manifest behavioral problems like anxiety, depression, require psychiatric care, and have tendencies to commit suicide. They are likely to exhibit antisocial behavior. Their risk factors multiply with a downward spiral in health.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The probability of low-birth weight and low neo-natal health index scores is the highest in births arising out-of-wedlock. The mother’s exhibit increased maternal depression levels. Children from broken families are likely to abuse themselves and therefore harm their well-being. The immune system of these children functions at a rapid rate under chronic stress, thereby rendering them to infectious diseases. WAYS TO PREVENT FAMILY STRESS In stressful circumstances, nutritious meals, exercises, building self-resilience, relaxation techniques and sleep, thinking optimistically, use of social support networks, professional psychotherapy, and sharing the stress maintain health. â€Å"The Holmes- Rahe Life Stress Inventory† is a scale that rates social adjustment and the susceptibility to a breakdown caused by stress.[ix]. Ways to prevent stress are:[x] Learn key concepts about personalities, families, communication, make wise child conception or adoption choices Apply this knowledge in daily life. One can increase nurturance levels in family by effective problem solving, clarity in thinking, listing communication strengths, and removing blocks for unconscious toxic habits Understand personal and family policies on feeling and expressing grief or anger, upgrade appropriate personal values and attitudes, keep the family members informed and evolve pro-grief policies Understand if there are others in the family who are grieving their losses. Then, it is equally important to share and discuss healthy grieving and to use a qualified therapist to heal the wounds. Conclusion Genetic variations and experiences of a lifetime increase sensitivity to stress. Chronic stress damages cardiovascular system and immune system suppression. It compromises the ability to fight disease and affects mental health. Medical conditions that are caused by stress include Chronic pain, migraines, ulcers, high blood pressure, anxiety, depression Heart disease, diabetes, asthma, pms, obesity Infertility, autoimmune diseases, irritable bowel syndrome, skin problems Children from broken families are prone to anxiety and depression related health problems and emotional disorders. There is a decrease in economic prosperity and educational achievements The negative impact caused by stress can be reduced by increasing commitment within family members, use of social support networks and self-improvement. Children from stable families achieve higher levels in education, prosper well, make committed and strong relationships, further, and establish a high nurtured environment for their children unlike children from broken families. [i] Mc Cubbin IH, Patterson MJ.The Family Stress Process The double ABCX model of adjustment and adaption. Marriage and Family review.1983.6(1-2):37-7. [ii] Jaffe E, Smith M, Larson H, Segal J. Understanding stress [online] 2007 [cited 2008 June 25]. Available from:URL: http://www.helpguide.org/mental/stress_signs.html [iii] The federal statistics system is unable to provide accurate data on the number of children from broken families as the National Center for Health Statistics and the Bureau of the Census does not collect the complete data on divorce now.1992. [iv] Corcoran   E M, Chaudry A. The Dynamics of Childhood Poverty .In : Future of Children.1997. Vol. 7, No. 2 ,pp. 40-54, quoting from G. J. Duncan et al., unpublished research paper, Survey Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1994.Lone-Parent Families in the United States, In: Dynamics, Economic Status, and Developmental Consequences. [v] Bumpass LL, Martin CT, Sweet AJ. The Impact of Family Background and Early Marital Factors on Marital Disruption,In:   Journal of Family Issues.1991. Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 22-42. [vi] Bumpass et al., The Role of Cohabitation in Declining Rates of Marriage, In: Journal of Family Issues.1991.Vol 12, No.1, pp.22-42. [vii] Bumpass et al., The Impact of Family Background. [viii] Hotz VJ, McElroy SW, Sanders SG. The Impacts of Teenage Childbearing on the Mothers and the Consequences of those Impacts for Government, In: Maynard RA, editors, Urban Institute Press, Washington DC. Economic costs and social costs of teenage pregnancy, In: Kids having kids. 1997. pp-55-94. [ix] The Holmes-Rahe Life Stress Inventory [Document on the internet]. [cited: 2008 Jun 25]. Available from: http://www.bhicares.org/pdf/manual/indepthassessment/homesrahestressinventory.pdf [x] Gerlach KP, Three ways to prevent family stress and divorce, In: High Nurturance Family Relationships. 2008. [Cited,2008 Jun 25]. Available from: http://sfhelp.org/prevent/intro.htm

Illegal war in Kosovo :: essays papers

Illegal war in Kosovo President Clinton addressed the people of the United States on June 10, 1999 over the United States’ mission in Kosovo. Kosovo is a province of Serbia, which makes this war a civil war. Highlights of his speech outline the goals that he wanted to obtain in this Humanitarian intervention, as he called it. The mission had flaws innate to it from the beginning. The three-tiered goal of the President was clearly stated. The first is to allow the Kosovar people back into their homes. The second is to require Serbian forces to leave Kosovo. The last thing was to deploy an international security force, with NATO at its core, to protect all the people that troubled the land, Serbians and Albanians alike. The message was clear, but was not followed in regards to international law, and NATO’s Charter, and even the three clearly stated missions. The involvement in Kosovo’s war is illegal, and the President of the United States has pushed NATO into committing wartime cri mes and has used the Powers-of-Office in an unconstitutional manner, which resulted in the illegal intervention of a sovereign state. On March 24, 1999, the united countries of North Atlantic Treaty Organization, under pressure from the United States, launched an illegal assault upon a sovereign nation. The evidence is overwhelming that leaders within the United State government sponsored this decision with the extreme perseverance from President of the United States. NATO should have dismissed the request for assault and involvement for it was clearly illegal. It’s perpetrators showed total disregard for Article One of the NATO Charter, which incorporates by reference the United Nations Charter, Chapter One, Article Two, Sections Three, Four and Seven. These sections make it clear that NATO’s role is to be purely defensive. The aggression that NATO has undertaken did not come from or with approval of the UN Security Council, which NATO’s Charter clearly states numerous times that the UN Security Council will convene and approve of any such matter or action. It is a brutal violation of NA TO’s Charter and of all principles of international law. NATO used military weapons and tactics that run counter to the demands of decency and the nature of a moral people. Cluster bombs are outright illegal. Geneva Convention has concluded the use of cluster bombs and anti-tank and anti-personnel mines as illegal munitions.

A Thesis in Institutional Management

1. To identify the major theories that is usually taught in most of the universities specializing Hotel and Restaurant Management Major in Institutional Management. 2. How do they implement theories in their companies and the way it is being practiced? 3. To come up with a framework in practices as implemented by selected companies in Malate. Institutional management is often associated with hotel and restaurant management since it is one of the two major courses that can be chosen in taking up Hotel and Restaurant Management. Consistently ranked in the ten top hospitality programs, the Hotel, Restaurant and Institutional Management (HRIM) program prepares students for careers in the hospitality industry. The four year program leads to a B.S. degree, with a curriculum founded in academic disciplines which include the liberal arts, business, science, and specialized courses in theoretical as well as managerial components for the hotel and restaurant industry (www. udel.edu/CSC/hrim.html). At this present time, Hotel and restaurant management major in Institutional Management and Culinary Arts is very in demand in the Philippines. Related essay: Problems Encountered in Ojt in Hotel In 1890, it was Ellen Richards of New England Kitchen who influenced the home economists to work in food service and in other aspects of managing a variety of institutions, including schools, colleges, orphanages, hospitals, prisons, military facilities, hotels, and restaurants. In 1910, the American Home Economics Association formed the Institution Economics section, and matters related to institutional management-especially school lunches-were popular topics of discussion at conferences and in periodicals. The American Dietetic Association was formed in 1917 as an offshoot of the AHEA, and by the 1920s programs in institutional management were being established in many schools of home economics in land-grant and other universities. In addition, at some universities, schools of hotel and restaurant management were affiliated with schools of home economics and trained students for a wide variety of careers in the hospitality industry. (www.hearth.library.cornell.edu/h/hearth/inst_mgt.html). Degree programs in hospitality management studies like Institutional Management is very important to learn for those who would like to work as managers or supervisors in a restaurant or hotel. It gives details in managing and operating hotels and restaurants and business side of running a hotel or restaurant. It will also provide them with a strong management and service orientation as well as a global perspective of hotel and restaurant operations. In the Philippines, there are a lot of universities, especially in metro manila offers Hotel and Restaurant Management courses because of the development and progress of hospitality industry in the Philippines and outside the country. Many students decide to take this course for they believe it will give them good work and salary in the country or abroad.

Compare Joy’s present job Essay

1. Compare Joy’s present job to what you think her previous job as a salesperson might have been. How are they similar? How are they different? Joy’s position as regional sales director is similar to her previous job as salesperson in that both are people-oriented. In the job as salesperson, she would have met with clients, traveled, and dealt with many people face-to-face. As a salesperson, however, she was in control of her own time. Her present job involves working through other people, and she must cope with many problems. The job is fragmented and involves communicating and negotiating. Thus, the managerial position is much broader in scope and contains many more day-to-day problems and interruptions. 2.What managerial skills are depicted in the case? Which skill is most important for Joy to possess? Why? Human and conceptual skills are most important in Joy’s present job–especially human skills. She works with subordinates, peers, and superiors–all requiring good human skills. 3. Why do you feel Joy may be disenchanted with her present job? The disenchantment may result from unrealistic expectations about the sales director’s job. Many people who have excellent technical skills and succeed at a technical job expect to continue performing the same tasks when they become managers. But as one moves up the management hierarchy, the various management functions become more important, and they require human and conceptual rather than technical skills. People who succeed as managers enjoy the opportunity to perform these functions and display these skills. For Joy, the greatest frustration seems to be her inability to control her own time and the need to work through other people, many of whom may disagree with what she is trying to accomplish. Thus, the key management issues become persistence and frequent negotiations.

Worker Safety Issue from Fast Food Nation Essays

Worker Safety Issue from Fast Food Nation Essays Worker Safety Issue from Fast Food Nation Essay Worker Safety Issue from Fast Food Nation Essay The purpose of writing this essay is to highlight the worker safety issues from Fast Food Nation. The problem basically is worker safety that is put to stake because of the dangers the workers have to face while they are made to do the work. This is the basic problem that has been identified that the workers have to face and certain remedies to these problem are also suggested in the later paragraphs. The worker safety issues are alarming and it is necessary that the employers must take steps to take care of such issues. The fast food industry has activated homogenization of our society and has also hastened the scenario by further creating a gap between the rich and the poor people and fast food have now become very popular for the American people. However, there are some unrecognized truths that have to be taken into consideration. The fast food nation has basically changed the culture of America and the way the people eat.[1] The socioeconomic effects  of the  fast food industry are diverse and the industry is dependent on the federal money i.e. it takes SBA loans in order to run the franchises and to run the fast food business. The assembly line  methods of  fast food production  actually worked their way into  large-scale agribusiness. The beef factories are irregular in size and it is hard to automate the cattle just in the way the poultry and other things required in the fast food business are being manufactured. The places where this takes place are horrible and businessmen mostly employee illiterate workers who are made to work for long hours and get a very low pay.[2] Moreover, the conditions in which they are made to work are pathetic and unhygienic that can be a very big threat to the human life. In order to prevent this, it is essential that the businessmen must take steps and for this just an incremental cost is required. Following these lines, now however the American slaughterhouse has improved a lot more than before as the standards have been improved and the workers are safer than before. Furthermore, I would also like to add that the real cost of the fast food is not actually measured in terms of purchase but the cost of the workers is also included. The reason for writing this paper is not that I am anti-fast food but it is to highlight that fact that though some of the fast food giants produce high-quality food at comparable prices to the other  chains, they must also put value in their  workers   as well as the food supply instead of trying to grab even the last bit of profits. â€Å"Fast food is served everywhere. Be it restaurants, trains, airplanes or cruise ships. It has been reported that the Americans spent around $6 billion in 1970 on fast food and the amount further increased to $110 billion in 2001. It has also been reported that the Americans spent more money on fast food than on the other expenses such as higher education or other luxuries. They spend more on fast food than on movies, magazines, newspapers,  videos, and  recorded music   combined.[3]Therefore, the nation’s most prized tradition is the fast food. As the fast food industry has progressed from a stand owned stall to giant corporations, the demand for the workers has also increased. In the following paragraphs I have referred to some of the articles and have given some of the examples of worker safety issues prevailing in the fast food market. The first is about the robberies. This article talks about the pizza delivery boys in Bethlehem who had to encounter robberies. The article tells that the pizza boys were robbed during the hours of work and were also punched down and thrown on the ground, the suspects however fought among themselves for both cash and pizza. Both the robberies took place with two different pizza boys working for two different pizza eateries. The first victim worked for Domino’s Pizza and was robbed by three men who took pizzas and a heated delivery box and this robbery took place before 6:00pm and took place on Morton Street. However, the other robbery took place at around 8:30pm and at Hilton Street. The other pizza boy who was robbed was working for Papa Johns in a way that he was called to the home to deliver two pizzas from.[4] According to another article, the wage rates of McDonalds are inappropriate and they have been criticized in this. This criticism was done by the members of the Service Employees International Union in the New Orleans and their basic theme was to criticize the low wages. This was called to be a nationwide campaign in which the members were to talk to the workers as well as the consumers about McDonalds wages. Furthermore, the article also reveals that McDonalds is against the Employee Free Choice Act. This Act is basically a legislation that gives American workers the opportunity to have better pay, benefits and working conditions. Moreover, the president of SEIU also said that the American workers dont have the buying power. Therefore, there is a need to drive the economy in part because companies like McDonalds are giving CEOs windfalls while workers struggle to afford items on the Dollar Menu.’ America’s workers struggle to pay even their bills, however the CEO’s get huge bonuses yearly. The article also said that a national campaign would be run in which they would distribute leaflets at McDonalds location nationwide that were more than around one hundred outlets. The third article is about the workers who have opened franchises with buyouts. Mark Bergman, who used to work for Ford Motor Co.s sales and marketing department, actually dreamt of pizza and accepted a buyout offer from Ford in 2007 in order to fulfill his dream. He actually wanted to open a franchise of Little Caesars and so he opened a store in Atlanta and although there has been a recent turmoil, he did not worry about that and opened a third pizza outlet and just like Bergman many people invest their money in buying franchises.[5] It is believed that franchising is a way to invest in something that can be controlled and the more you invest the more you get but the credit squeeze makes things tougher and as reported by Domino’s Pizza chairman and CEO David Brandon, the global credit crunch is forcing some Dominos Pizza franchise owners out of business mainly because the banks are cutting off loans. Moreover, the costs of franchising are high and the franchise owners have to face a lot of challenges. The work is not done once the franchise is set up. However, there are long hours of work involved in this business. In 2003- 2007 around 75000 jobs have been cut. Although lots of people inquire Dominos Pizza about the Big Three, however less than 20 percent actually show genuine interest in it as this is not an easy business. Constructing an outlet requires at least 14 months and the net worth required to be proved is $250,000 and $75,000 in liquid capital. Other than this, there is actually no guarantee of success and so caution is necessary. It is not always necessary that of the parent company is doing well, so would the franchise.[6] Another article talks about exploitation of workers done by some of the some  fast-food  chains. A US Senate hearing that took place in April in Florida focused the working conditions of the farm workers and some of the very famous fast food brands such as McDonalds and Yum Brands, which includes Pizza Hut, KFC, Taco Bell, AW and Long John Silvers, agreed to pay the 1-cent increase. Other than this, there was Burger King and Subway also agreed to the proposal but at 1.5 cents per pound and they guaranteed to keep some for their workers. The treatment being given to the farm workers is very bad especially tee tomato pickers who have been earning the same amount for picking up a bucket of tomatoes i.e. 45 cents and this amount has not been modified since 1978 even though the worth of the tomato crop in Florida is worth $619-million annually. Moreover, they workers work seven days a week and work for 10- 12 hours with no overtime pay and no benefits such as sick leave or job security at all. Moreover, they have to face violence and live in pathetic living conditions.[7] Majority of the workers earn less than $10,000 a year and pay relief is one of the most important factor that can make things better for the tomato pickers. For this, the CIW has persuaded the fast food industry to pay one more cent per pound to help the workers and this effort has been successful as they have even used the strategy of applying a fine to those who do not pay this extra amount. CIW also hopes that the new president, Barack Obama will also support this cause that was basically to take care of the human rights of the workers working for the fast food industry and to avoid exploitation.[8] People who eat fast food must be aware of the fact related to the fast food industry and should then take their own decisions whether they must support the industry or not taking care of the status of the industry in the current scenario.

Corporate Social Responsibility Essays

Corporate Social Responsibility Essays Corporate Social Responsibility Essay Corporate Social Responsibility Essay Discuss the consequence of Corporate Social Responsibility ( CSR ) in Shell Prepared BY: Recognition First of all, I would wish to thank my instructor # # # # , he taught me a batch of cognition and gave careful counsel and aid, I believe that this cognition will do me complete this study. Here I am besides really thankful to my squad members # # # # who learn with me together. They shared utile information about Shell with me. We spend our valuable clip to compose our study. Finally, I want to thank once more my beloved every college and college instructors and pupils. I would wish to show gratitude to all the people who helped me. Abstraction The intent of this survey is Using communications to develop concern chances. This instance survey focused on how to utilize a series of Shell communicating methods and procedures, to assist the single traders to develop their ain concern chances. This paper chiefly surveies how Shell use their communicating to do people interested in the merchandises to develop their ain concern chances. A good communicating accomplishments is the key to pull and retain endowment. Therefore, from the position of communicating to promote distributers is an effectual manner to beef up the Shell trade name development. This study clearly shows how Shell can utilize communicating developing and communicating accomplishments to do traders to seek concern chances and investing of Shell merchandises selling. Finally, it is expected that Shell Incorporation’s thought can be identified. Table of Contentss 1.0 Introduction .5 1.1 Background ..5 1.2 Research inquiry .5 1.3 Objective .5 1.4 Scope 5 2.0 Literature Review .6 2.1 Review on societal duty from different bookmans ..6 2.2 Shell company history .7 2.3 Analysis of SWOT 2.3.1 Strengths 2.3.2 Failing ..8 2.3.3 Opportunities ..8 2.3.4 Menaces .8 2.4 Number of Rivals 2.4.1 Exxon Mobil Corporation Company Profile 2.4.2 BP Public Limited Company 2.4.3 Chevron Corporation Company .9 3.0 Methodology .10 3.1 Designs of research 10 3.2 Data Collection 10 3.3 Material used in research ..10 4.0 Research findings: Analysis and Discussion .11 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Reasons Why Company should rehearse CSR? 4.3 Problem 4.4 Consequences 4.4.1 Shell Company fiscal statement 5.0 Decisions 6.0 Mentions 1.0 INRODUCTION 1.1 Background The probe was done because to make research on communications to develop concern chances. This study was required by Mr KAMARUL lector of academic accomplishments for accounting. It was requested on 11th July 2014. 1.2 Research Question This study discusses why clear communicating is of critical importance in direction activities and how to utilize the communications engineering development for the company concern. 1.3 Aims The study s end is to research how to utilize good communicating to finish reassign merchandise information, the right apprehension of the client feedback on the merchandises, better the efficiency of the selling activity and the formation of competitory advantage. 1.4 Scope This study examines on how to do usage of communicating to develop concern chances. It does non analyze on Company is how it works and besides non about their selling activities. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Review on societal duty from different bookmans 1988 Alpha oil platform detonation and fire in 1989 Exxon Valdez oil oiler ran aground Britain s North Sea oil spills and other accidents barbarous thrilling, shocked the universe, but besides caused great concern in the international oil industry and.1990 profound contemplation, Lord Cullen is responsible for look intoing Alpha oil platform detonation fire safety conditions recommended in the study submitted analytical studies and safety direction system, and recommended safety direction system should be based on the rules of quality direction and this study aroused great attending of the universe s major oil companies, and began to actively research the constitution of effectual wellness, safety and environment ( HSE ) direction system. HSE direction is developed in the late 1980s up about wellness, safety and environmental direction methods, which use systems analysis, production of accidents that may happen in the procedure of hazard appraisal and jeopardy designation, through planning, implemented in four stages, review and betterment, etc. , utilizing a systematic, structured, procedural, and full direction manner, full engagement and full monitoring to take preventative steps in a timely mode to extinguish all sorts of accidents. successful foreign multinationals experience of domestic endeavors have great inspiration. 2.2 Shell company history Royal Dutch / Shell Group of Companies was founded in 1907, it was by the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company and Shell Transport and Trading Co. , Ltd. is a alliance of transnational oil group. Shell Transport and Trading Co. , Ltd. ( United Kingdom ) was officially established in 1897 after the company each gross revenues centre in the Far East to set up a storage point, and with the Rothschild Group has signed a long-run oil purchase contracts. Royal Dutch Petroleum ( Netherlands ) , founded in 1890, had opened in a little Dutch East India Company, in order to vie with Shell Transport and Trading Company, the company has besides established its ain fleet and gross revenues web. The ground why the Board was established in 1907 when two-merger, instead than amalgamation of Royal Dutch Petroleum and Shell Transport and Trading Company in the signifier of the so president of the Anglo-Dutch oil company Royal De Teding ( Derding ) based on the undermentioned considerations: foremost, If the full amalgamation, Samuel household do non needfully hold, there might even sell Shell standard Oil ; second, in the twentieth century, the name under the streamer of the British Empire, or aid to do Shell entree to resources in the universe of Shell will non merely be able to acquire the Dutch authorities support, but besides to acquire the British authorities to back up, and if the amalgamation becomes a pure Dutch company so will non be supported by the British authorities, the British people will non be recognized. To acquire the British people agree that the new company referred to as Shell , utilizing the Shell Transport and Trading Company as a symbol of the shells, wholly removed the Dutch dominated constructs. Then proved, with Shell UK or colour it provides small to ease the twentieth century appreciation resources. 2.3 Analysis of SWOT 2.3.1 Strength Among shell’s strength are: a ) Strengthen the Group s direction, the constitution of concern organisations ; guarantee coordination between the assorted services in the same country and play equipment runing company enterprise B ) Global development and optimise the allotment of resources and market. degree Celsius ) To the nucleus concern based, diversified direction. vitamin D ) Investments in engineering, uninterrupted development of new engineerings. 2.3.2 Failings Among shell’s failings are: a ) The sustainable usage of resources is non adequate legal selling disadvantages. B ) Import and export of oil demand to beef up supervising and ordinance. degree Celsius ) Oil militias there is a large contention, quoted uncertainnesss still exist. 2.3.3 Opportunities Among the chances in shell are ; a ) Part of the Group s parent company is non, and does non straight involved in the operation, but each group keeping company is entitled to name members of the Board and received involvement from each keeping company of the Group. B ) In more than 100 states around the universe to construct a immense gross revenues web: 33 states in the universe has 54 refineries and petrochemical production base and a figure of related operating companies, the constitution of large-scale planetary production and gross revenues market system. degree Celsius ) Such decentalisation and liberty so that directors can break incorporate into society, and to new demands, the altering demands of users and to respond rapidly to any crisis. 2.4 MAIN RIVALS 2.4.1 Exxon Mobil Corporation Company Profile Exxon Mobil Corporation is the universe s prima oil and petrochemical company, founded by John D. Rockefeller in 1882, is headquartered in the United States Texas Love Man City. Exxon Mobil Corporation is the universe s largest non-government oil and gas manufacturers and is the universe s largest non-government gas distributer ; but besides one of the universe s largest refiner, distributed in 45 refineries in 25 states daily polishing capacity of 640 million barrels ; in the universe with more than 37,000 gas Stationss and one million industrial and sweeping clients ; one-year gross revenues in more than 150 states around 28 million dozenss of petrochemical merchandises. 2.4.2 BP Public Limited Company BP is one of the universe s largest private company, is the state s largest vertically incorporate oil companies stone endeavor merchandises. Several cited Exxon can explicate the strength of the informations and its subordinates as follows: geographic expedition and production in 30 states. Crude oil and natural gas end product more than 128 million dozenss ; In 75 states, one-year gross revenues of over 265 million dozenss of crude oil merchandises ; 2.4.3 Chevron Corporation Company Chevron ( CHEVRON ) was founded in 1879, in footings of turnover, ranked one of the universe s top 10 oil companies. Headquartered in San Francisco, California, concern range includes all facets of the oil and chemical industry, concern involves about 90 states, Chevron employees worldwide exceeds 39,000.In about 90 states, parts, Waterss operations, range of concern throughout all countries of the oil and chemical industry. Chevron employees about 28,000 people worldwide. October 2001, Chevron with $ 39 billion amalgamation of one of its chief rivals Texaco, and Chevron Texaco ( ChevronTexaco ) as the company s name. May 9, 2005 Chevron Texaco announced renamed Chevron. 3.0 METHODOLOGY 3.1 Designs of research This study is a combination of my examination and my group member’s informations aggregation, experience and examination and treatment by using the being series encompassed the miscellaneous periods of examination model. 3.2 Data Collections The research is all about the result of corporate societal duty on shell. Data aggregation is gotten from one-year study of shell 2012 and website. In this study, we need to happen the last 3 old ages fiscal study to recognize the gross and make the analysis of the operating activities from Shell Company. The consequences will be shown in table signifier in this study. 3.3 Materials used in research The stuff used in the research is obtained from web sites of corporate societal duty of shell, on-line diary and one-year study of shell. Other than that, the informations besides collected from the study questionnaires and interviews of shell. 4.0 RESEARCH Findings: Analysis and treatment 4.1 Introduction Group started by a strong senior direction often between Shell s operations in the state to link to the parent company and the operating company bonds. However, this double board construction, decision-making is inconsistent in both states still exist. During World War I, the Board of Directors of Shell UK resolutely decided to disrupt the supply of petroleum oil to Germany, to back up the British war, but the board of managers, led by the Netherlands uphold neutrality, in order to guarantee that their involvements refinery in Germany hesitate to German transit of petroleum oil, such patterns lead to controversy. This to the full reflects the eyes of Shell in Dete Ding is a rational, realistic economic system, the company s involvements and long-run development is the most valued. Shell Group instantly into the market in merely two old ages in Spain established a Shell gas station web. Another illustration for the over-saturation of the European refinement industry, the group quickly take appropriate steps, while compacting its refinement capacity in the part, on the other manus new and enlargement of a figure of refinery and petrochemical works equipment in Africa and Latin America parts. In recent old ages, the chemical industry for the continued diminution in the profitableness of the Group bit by bit sold some all right chemicals sector in recent old ages. 4.2 Reasons why companies should follow the pattern of corporate societal duty: To keep a high grade of reactivity to the market, prehend the chance to keep stable development Group relies on the development of new procedures, new engineerings, new merchandises, and advance the rapid development of back uping petrochemical, chemical industry. In add-on the Group besides paid attending to utilize its strong capital through joint ventures with other companies to portion engineering and production experience joint each other. 4.3 Problems With the development of the oil industry, to run into the demands of people s day-to-day production and life, while besides doing a batch of environmental pollution. And as a non-renewable crude oil resources should be sensible development and use. Shell is besides confronting the job of waste direction, their chief beginning of oil-water emulsion is spent, sludge and exhausted accelerators. Shell is a job with the oil spill damaged the agricultural farm husbandmans, it will do harm to the genteelness of animate beings and the environment every bit good. Shell in gross revenues is besides confronting a batch of jobs, update the force per unit area of competition and selling tools allow companies face tremendous challenges. 4.4 Consequences Materials from the boards were recycling and categorized for recycling as a collective for edifice. In recent old ages, more and more of the Group s oil and gas geographic expedition in the deep sea and polar such as H2O deepness, cold conditions, investing and environmental hazards significantly upgraded, Shell Group relies on its ain to develop new engineering to cut down this hazard. Meanwhile, the Group relies on the development of new procedures, new engineerings, new merchandises, and advance the rapid development of back uping petrochemical, chemical industry. In add-on the Group besides paid attending to utilize its strong capital through joint ventures with other companies to portion engineering and production experience each other s joint venture. 4.4.1 Shell Company fiscal statement This is shows the 2 old ages fiscal statement of Shell Company comprehensive the twelvemonth from 2012 to 2013. Table 4.1: Income statement 2012 ( $ ) 2013 ( $ ) Gross saless gross 467,153 451,135 Net income before revenue enhancement 50,512 33,592 Net net income 26960 16,526 Figure4.1: Gross saless gross from income statement Harmonizing to thefigure 4.1, the gross revenues gross from the twelvemonth 2013 is less than the twelvemonth 2012. It is shows that the more operating cost or hard currency flow in the concern is acquiring more than the old old ages. The gross revenues gross is decrease from the twelvemonth 2012 of $ 467,153 to $ 451,135. Figure 4.2: Net income before and after revenue enhancement Harmonizing to thefigure 4.2, it is shows that the net income before and after revenue enhancement of fiscal statement. It is shows that the net income is decreased from the twelvemonth 2012 to 2013. From the state of affairs, the operating or investment of energy-efficiency and engineerings and procedures to avoid the emanation of C dioxide might be the high to the hard currency flows. Table 4.2: Cash flow statement 2012 2013 Cash flow from puting activities 40,146 48,153 Net income before revenue enhancement 60,749 60170 Net net income 40,440 46,140 Figure 4.3: Cash flow from puting activities Harmonizing toFigure 4.3, the hard currency flow from puting activities increased from the twelvemonth 2012 to 2013. It is shows the figures of $ 40146 from twelvemonth 2012 to $ 48153 from the twelvemonth 2013. The applying of the disposal and dismantlement of wastage constructions which allowed the full trailing of all waste watercourses may do the high cost to the hard currency flow in 2013 compared to the 2012. Figure 4.4: Net income before and after revenue enhancement Harmonizing toFigure 4.4, is shows the net income before and after revenue enhancement in the twelvemonth from 2012 to 2013. The figures of net income before revenue enhancement are higher in 2012 which is $ 60749 and lessening to $ 60170 in 2013. Other than that, the figure of net income after revenue enhancement is besides diminishing from $ 40440 in twelvemonth 2012 to $ 46140 in twelvemonth 2013. This shows that from 2012 until 2013 that the net income of Shell Company can non make their mark. 5.0 Decisions The whole study contains all the research demands. The demands are abstract which includes the intent of this study. Make a batch of research survey this study and whether the intent of this study is achieved of failed. Then, is about the debut includes the report’s background, the research inquiries, aims and range of the research. Then, the following portion is the literature reappraisal that separated into four subdivisions review from different bookman about Shell Inc, history of Shell Inc. , SWOT analysis and the figure of Shell’s challengers. After that, the methods used to research about Shell Inc. Above and beyond there are findings on Shell Inc. , which debut on Shell, the bing jobs, the usage of communicating in Shell and how the companies use communicating to develop concern chances. In the concluding, through this research clearly demonstrates the intent of this study is extremely achieved when Shell company to develop concern chances through communicating m ethods, so implement in Shell concern success. 6.0 Mentions Articles: Larse A.S.G. ( 2010 ) Corporate Social Responsibility as strategic Public Relations. Selling and Management Communication, Vol 22, pp. 6-7. Koekchi, S. and Rombaut, A. ( 2006 ) Corporate Social Responsibility A Case survey on Private and Public Corporations in Sweden, South Stockholm University pp.93-94. Books: Chakra borty S. ( 2010 ) Corporate societal duty and society. India: Sage. Davidsson, P. ( 2008 ) The Entrepreneurship Research Challenge. USA: Edward Elger. Forbes, C. ( 2010 ) Corporate Social Responsibility. Mumbai: Eureka Forbes Ltd. Tench, R. , A ; Yeomans, L. ( 2006 ) Researching Public Relations. Essex: Financial Times – Prentince Hall, pp. 100-101. Web sites: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.fortunechina.com/global500/1/2013/ROYAL-DUTCH-SHELL hypertext transfer protocol: //reports.shell.com/annual-report/2013/servicepages/downloads/files/entire_shell_ar13.pdf hypertext transfer protocol: //auto.xinmin.cn/gd/2014/07/10/24760230.html hypertext transfer protocol: //company.zhaopin.com/ % E9 % 9B % AA % E4 % BD % 9B % E9 % BE % 99 % E5 % BE % B7 % E5 % A3 % AB % E5 % 8F % A4 % E4 % B8 % AD % E5 % 9B % BD % E8 % 83 % BD % E6 % BA % 90 % E5 % 85 % AC % E5 % 8F % B8_CC229867612.htm hypertext transfer protocol: //baike.so.com/doc/5533262.html Word Court: 2675

What For- Is For

What For- Is For What For- Is For What For- Is For By Mark Nichol The element for-, though it stems from the same Proto-Germanic word that gave us the preposition for, deviated from the common ancestor to serve as a prefix meaning â€Å"away,† â€Å"opposite,† or â€Å"completely.† That’s the sense that contributes to the meaning of most words beginning with for-. Notice that these words have in common that their connotations are definitive: The verbs forbid (â€Å"prohibit,† with a root cognate with bid and meaning â€Å"command†), forget (â€Å"fail to remember† or â€Å"inadvertently neglect,† with a root cognate with get and meaning â€Å"grasp,†), and forgive (â€Å"pardon,† with a self-evident root) are potent; so, too, is the adverb forever (â€Å"always,† with a self-evident root). Other words in the for- family have not only that strong sense but also an archaic ring to them, and most are rare: the verbs forbear (â€Å"refrain† or â€Å"endure†; the root is self-evident), forfend (â€Å"prevent† or â€Å"protect†; the root, fend, is the word meaning â€Å"ward off†), forgo (â€Å"refrain from†; the root is self-evident); forlorn (originally â€Å"disgraced,† later â€Å"wretched† and â€Å"abandoned†; the root- also seen in lovelorn, meaning â€Å"pining for love†- means â€Å"lost†), forsake (â€Å"abandon†; the root, cognate with sake, means â€Å"blame† or â€Å"dispute†), and forswear (â€Å"renounce†; the root is self-evident) and the adverb forsooth (â€Å"indeed†; the root, cognate with sooth, means â€Å"truth†). Other intensive terms, which are so archaic as to be obsolete, are the verb fordo (â€Å"destroy† or â€Å"kill†; the adjectival form, fordone, survives in an inverted version as the idiomatic phrase â€Å"done for†) and the adjective forblak (â€Å"exceedingly black†). Several for- words are only partially related: The first syllable in the adjective foreign (â€Å"from beyond one’s own country†) and in forfeit, both a verb and a noun (â€Å"give up† or â€Å"something given up,† respectively), is from a Latin element meaning â€Å"outside,† which is distantly akin to the other for-. The verb and adverb forward (the word retains a noun function only in reference to a position held by certain athletes) was spelled forewearde in Old English. Like words that still begin with fore-, it pertains to something located before something else (or, in the case of some of these words, something occurring before something else); for- and fore- are distant relatives. Fortune and fortuitous are unrelated outliers based on the Latin root that means â€Å"chance† or â€Å"luck.† The second element in therefor and therefore- the distinction between the first rare form and the more common second one is â€Å"by reason of that† versus â€Å"in consequence of that,† respectively- is the conjunction for (â€Å"because†). Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Apply to, Apply for, and Apply withWhat to Do When Words Appear Twice in a Row5 Examples of Insufficient Hyphenation

Human Resource Systems Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Human Resource Systems - Assignment Example Empowering employees and organizing around teams are aimed by BMW for facilitating communication and making it easier for decisions to be made. It helps the company to respond quickly to customer's needs and it's competitor's challenges. It helps them learn to prioritize tasks and reduce job stress. A workforce that is knowledgeable and skilled at doing complex things keeps a company competitive and attracts investments. Improved productivity means fewer people, less money, less time, less space and fewer resources. Bonuses are given to workers on giving superb ideas related to cutting cost savings, as they are directly involved in production. BMW prefers increased participation from the worker's side. They must give at least three ideas with eight hundred pound for each idea and to qualify for full annual bonus up to two hundred and sixty six pounds. This is done to save 3.6 M annually. The company has also increased workers pay from 2,500 pounds to 4,500 pounds. Many of the workers are hired on temporary basis and working days are fixed to seven-day operation. Working time account was introduced in the company and workers were paid even when the plant remained shut for retooling. The hours missed were made up later. The company provided ease to the workers by giving them the opportunity to take off over time later as holidays. The company saved more than six ... The main goal of the company is to cut cost and improve productivity. BMW consider people as a source of competitive advantage. There is quality of work life at the company that is; employee participation, career development, conflict resolution, communication, wellness, job security, safe environment and pride. Staffing, retention, development, adjustment and change management are the activities, which are successfully implemented at BMW. It maximizes the corporate profits through the better management and use of people as a result of which the company has achieved high profits. As workers are directly involved in production and they have more knowledge about the technical aspects so they are involved in decision making by telling them to give ideas related to cutting costs. Incentives are provided on each idea and the implementation of these ideas gives pride and satisfaction to the workers. BMW believes that happy and satisfied workers are more productive. The workers enjoy social security as fair compensation plans are used by the company to reward workers. The company facilitates and encourages performance by providing sufficient rewards that employees really value. Employees are not over burdened by making them to work for long hours. The environment facilitates their work. Thus competency-based pay is provided to them based upon their skills, depth of knowledge and the work accomplished by them. Performance incentives are provided to them and they get reasonable chance to gain high salary. The link between performance and rewards is high. Workload standards have been set in the company and the work is assigned equitably. There is a philosophy of co-operation and involvement. By successful implementation of HR Systems and practices BMW has achieved enhanced

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 93

Summary - Essay Example articles is the spreading of this crime in the recent years and the hype created by the mass media, political and economic forces against the threat of such crime. The lack of trail and reporting of such incidences makes this threat question itself. The articles have clarified the concepts of hacking, hactivism, cracking and their relation with and the comprehensive meaning of the word cyberterrorism. In my opinion, the increasing use of information technology does make us vulnerable to the cyberterrorism more than ever before. I agree with the writer where he talks about the more unconventional routes adopted by the terrorists for spreading terror because of the anonymity, cost effectiveness and mass destruction capabilities. The book ‘Black Ice’ also shows the possibilities and realities of the cyberterrorisn and the vulnerabilities of the sectors to these crimes. The biggest fear is the ability of the terrorist to command the data once he gets into the system posing threats at national level. The absence of physical landscape and defying the constraints of the law of nature, cybercrime can be very tricky at times. The various religious groups fight for their right through the cyber encroachment and the history has also witnessed credit card threats and invasion of bank internet facilities through the cybercriminals. Apart from the above agreements there are few po ints in the articles where I disagree with the writers. The point that no real cases of cyberterrorism is reported or witnessed, I still believe that the hype is not just for the sake of it. The hype for me is the call of awareness, the information required by the general public in order to foresee what is coming. Although no such incidence has happened the proactive human nature says awareness should be at every doorstep to fight what is as quiet as a snake and more devastating than an earthquake. In real life, schools and universities can spend a part of their budgets on creating better fire

Monitoring U.S. citizens' phone conversations to detect potential Essay - 1

Monitoring U.S. citizens' phone conversations to detect potential terriorist threats - Essay Example The very spirit of American political life and popular expectations simply do not allow the state to extend its sway beyond a point where it not only interferes with the personal and professional lives of people and individuals, but rather tempers with the privacy of their private and professional phone conversations. National security is really very important. However, the concerns for national security cannot be allowed to irrationality expand to a level where they start hampering the normal activities of the citizens. The act of monitoring the phone conversations of citizens is also unconstitutional and violates the Fourth Amendment rights of the citizens, which constitute a part of the Bill of Rights (Dripps, 2007). Superficially speaking, the Fourth Amendment to the constitution of the United States of America intends to protect the citizens from illegal search and seizures. Surprisingly, the very purpose of this Amendment was to check the abuse of general search warrants in the American Revolution (Dripps, 2007). In the historical Katz v. United States judgment, the US Supreme Court declared any state intrusion into an area where a citizen has the reasonable expectation and right to seek privacy, to be an illegal search and a violation of the Fourth Amendment (Dripps, 2007). Thus, monitoring of the phone conversations of the US citizens is a legal and ethical violation of their privacy. This in no way means that the law enforcement agencies simply cannot have an access to the phone conversations of the people doubted of having terrorist links. They can do so as per the ways and procedures laid down by the US laws. As per the Fourth Amendment, the law enforcement personnel can resort to a legal search (here monitoring of phone conversations), provided such a procedure is pursuant to a valid court warrant sanctioned on the basis of the information provided by a law enforcement personnel to the court, under an oath

Marketing Case Philadelphia Phillies Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing Philadelphia Phillies - Case Study Example ntangible products involve an on-going relationship between the organization and its individual customers that begins before and continues after the sale (chap.1). However, marketing a service needs to have a more intensified and careful relationship with the customer than marketing a product, because with the former, you come in contact with your clients and your customers. In short, when marketing a product, customers would just be concerned about the performance of the product and not with who manufacture them, but with service, customers should have to like the seller or the company (www.businessknowledgesource.com). In terms of segmentation, marketing a product would be much easier than marketing a service such as the Philadelphia Phillies. The aggregating of prospective buyers to market a product would result to different products variants, suiting the specific need of its aggregate or market segment (chap.9). So, for a toothpaste example, we expect a variant for the kids with probably sweeter taste and for the adults with more fluoride and a stronger flavour. But after this, you can just leave your product on shelf, without really creating a customized or personalized product. This is where the difference between marketing a service and a product, lies, as in service the offering should be customized or personalized. For the Philadelphia Phillies for example, people can range from diehard fans, to kids 14 years and below, to those who are 15 years old and above, to senior citizens, young professionals and to corporate and community groups. Since they have different needs, the value that the c ustomer gets from attending a baseball game in the stadium should fulfil their individual needs and wants. Using the 4 Ps analysis, services will also differ with products, specifically in terms of promotion and sales. Products can be advertised through popular tri-media channels such as television, services such as Philadelphia Phillies are not. Promotion for a

Human Resource 2 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Human Resource 2 - Coursework Example Therefore, an organizational structure is aimed at coordinating, regulating, and reducing uncertainty in the employee’s behavior (Ratna 5-9). Nevertheless, the organization structure can be classified in to two; the first is the centralized organization structure whereby authority reigns in the top management and orders given have to be obeyed. This structure mainly applies in the military. The second one is the decentralized organization structure, which gives room for decisions to be made at lower hierarchy levels like in the case of a fast food franchise whereby each restaurant in the chain makes its own decisions, thus responsible for its actions. Fast food companies can be analyzed as Quick Service Restaurant where food is prepared and served very quickly. According to the independent news, Britain’s appetite for fast food was increasing, hence, there is need to introduce more fast food restaurants. The Eagles’ Fast Food Company seeks to operate in the Unite d Kingdom in some years in the future. Due to high competition in fast food business in the United Kingdom, the company should be in a position to achieve a competitive advantage. Therefore, the decentralized organizational structure is the most suitable one mainly because a fast food company yields too many restaurants in different parts of a country for efficiency sakes. Hence, each restaurant must have a subunit manager, such that the authority granted to these managers acts as a way of training them for incase of senior positions in the future. The other advantage is that employees feel empowered, hence yielding satisfaction in their work and eventually, they are motivated to even work harder. In addition, the senior management can have time to focus on the pressing and demanding issues at hand, since the unit mangers are taking care of subunits’ issues. Unlike the centralized organizational structure, which may hinder operational efficiency, the decentralized authority i nvolves employees in decision making thus enhances efficiency in the company. 5.2 Task 2 Identify an organization in the Public Sector. Through your own research, present an analysis of the organization’s approach to employee relations. An employee relation consists of the task involved in maintaining employer-employee relationship, which yields satisfaction, motivation, and morale. Hence, employee relations aims at preventing and solving issues that arise at the place of work involving employees, and could affect their jobs. British council is a public sector organization that enhances awareness of the United Kingdom’s democratic values and processes via working together with other countries to enhance good governance and human rights. However, according to the British council policy, the organization insists that employment relationships must be governed by equality and opportunity. Their policy encourages communication between the employees and management, and furth er states that it is only through communication that the management is aware of the employee’s needs, expectations, and grievances. Hence, the policy acknowledges that spirit in which the managers and employees interact with each other determines the relations of both parties in the place of work. In addition, the company encourages the training of

Marketing Case Philadelphia Phillies Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing Philadelphia Phillies - Case Study Example ntangible products involve an on-going relationship between the organization and its individual customers that begins before and continues after the sale (chap.1). However, marketing a service needs to have a more intensified and careful relationship with the customer than marketing a product, because with the former, you come in contact with your clients and your customers. In short, when marketing a product, customers would just be concerned about the performance of the product and not with who manufacture them, but with service, customers should have to like the seller or the company (www.businessknowledgesource.com). In terms of segmentation, marketing a product would be much easier than marketing a service such as the Philadelphia Phillies. The aggregating of prospective buyers to market a product would result to different products variants, suiting the specific need of its aggregate or market segment (chap.9). So, for a toothpaste example, we expect a variant for the kids with probably sweeter taste and for the adults with more fluoride and a stronger flavour. But after this, you can just leave your product on shelf, without really creating a customized or personalized product. This is where the difference between marketing a service and a product, lies, as in service the offering should be customized or personalized. For the Philadelphia Phillies for example, people can range from diehard fans, to kids 14 years and below, to those who are 15 years old and above, to senior citizens, young professionals and to corporate and community groups. Since they have different needs, the value that the c ustomer gets from attending a baseball game in the stadium should fulfil their individual needs and wants. Using the 4 Ps analysis, services will also differ with products, specifically in terms of promotion and sales. Products can be advertised through popular tri-media channels such as television, services such as Philadelphia Phillies are not. Promotion for a

Ultrasound examination of deep vein thrombosis during pregnancy Essay

Ultrasound examination of deep vein thrombosis during pregnancy - Essay Example Deep venous thrombosis was classically diagnosed by venography, which has its own problems in a pregnant patient. Recently with development of suitable technology, noninvasive methods such as plethysmography and specifically Doppler ultrasonography are being increasingly used to diagnose clinically silent deep venous thrombosis in pregnant individuals. The clinical criteria of deep venous thrombosis are rarely apparent in many cases, and some actual cases of DVT are termed as superficial phlebitis (Chan et al., 2002). Thus a diagnostic modality that can establish the diagnosis would be very necessary due to initiate management and prevent complications which may be detrimental to the fetus and life-threatening to the mother. Mortality rates of thromboembolism in pregnancy have been reported to be 15% in untreated patients and less than 1% in treated patients. This substantiates the grounds for establishing an early diagnosis and treatment based on that. It is quite evident that the r easons the patients remain untreated are ill-defined clinical manifestations, need for a very index of suspicion, lack of guideline regarding routine screening examinations for DVT in pregnant women, unavailability of a dependable and reliable noninvasive test, consequent failure to establish the diagnosis, and resultant failure to initiate treatment, all of which culminate into death of 15% pregnant women affected with DVT, much of which can be prevented with the use of a noninvasive and easy to use diagnostic imaging procedure (Ray and Chan, 1999). Early diagnosis and early intervention remain the clues to successful outcome specially in pregnant women since missing the diagnosis has potentially fatal implications. Over the top of that misdiagnoses have implications of potentially unnecessary risks of anticoagulation therapy such as teratogenic effects of drugs in the first trimester and the risk of fetal

The Vikings Rise and Fall of the Norse Sea Kings by Poertner Rudolf Essay Example for Free

The Vikings Rise and Fall of the Norse Sea Kings by Poertner Rudolf Essay The book brings to life the vital, expanding Norse civilization that dominated the western world between 800 and 1100 A.D.   During the late 800s, Harald Fairhair was trying to unite Norway under his rule.   Before he came to power, chieftains ruled over different areas of what is now Norway.   There were many people who disagreed with Harald and many battles ensued where the chieftains lost.   Under Harald, chieftains had to give up their titles.   The forced unification of Norway threatened their hereditary rights and burdened them with taxes (Poertner 54).   People who would not stand for this fled Norway and settled on islands off the coast of Norway and invaded Norway.   The Vikings left Scandinavia as a result of a population growth and a general famine in Europe, farmland began to become scarce.   Hearing that Iceland had good land, the people left.   Although many parts of the island were not habitable due to volcanoes and ice fields, there were areas that had many attractive qualities.   These qualities made coming to Iceland an easy decision to a lot of people.   By 930 all the good land was occupied and the population of Iceland was about 30,000 (Poertner 55). This leads us to the settlement of Greenland.   After being banished from Norway, and then Iceland for murders he committed. Erik the Red decided to search for land in the west.   He had already heard stories of what would later be called Greenland so he knew it was out there.   He spent three years there and lived by hunting and fishing.   When he went back to Iceland he told everyone about the place he named Greenland which had good pasture land and good hunting. In the year 986 he and twenty-five shiploads of settlers set sail for Greenland.   Only fourteen ships arrived safely on Greenland due to storms at sea. Within a year or so after the settlers came to Greenland, the first known sighting of America was made by a European.   Bjarni Herjolfsson was sailing from Iceland to Greenland when he was blown off course, within sight of America.   He saw three places but did not stop anywhere until he got to Greenland.   Erik the Reds son, Leif Eriksson eventually bought Bjarnis ship and sailed in search of the land that Bjarni had seen.   The first place Leif stopped at was flat and stony.   He called Helluland. The second place he stopped at was a wooded area he called Markland.   The third place was the one place he stayed, calling it Vinland.   He was very pleased with it and told of a land where rivers overflowed with salmon, the grass did not wither in the frostless winter, and there was an enormous amount of timber, something that was lacking in both Greenland and Iceland.   After spending a winter in Vinland, Leif and his crew return to Greenland where they tell of their exploration loaded down with timber and grapes (Poertner 60). Leifs brother Thorvald made the next journey to Vinland with a crew of thirty.   He is the first European known to have met a native.   The explorers killed eight natives whose people later attack the explorers and Thorvald was killed in the attack.   The explorers left.   Thorfinn Karlsefni then went to Vinland with his wife, Gudrid,   and others, hoping to make a permanent settlement. That ended the settlements in Vinland.   The skirmishes with the natives may have made the Vikings feel threatened.   The settlements of Greenland also died out, but for many more reasons.   The Little Ice Age began and once fertile land turned to ice, and what soil that did not turn to ice eventually just gave out.   The cattle and crops began to waste away.   There was also competition with the Eskimos for marine game.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For historian buffs this book is excellent and easy to follow.   The book was up to date for that time and I enjoyed the book very much.   The Author is Scandinavian or German and the book was translated into English. I tried to find information on the author but was unsuccessful in the time I had.   I recommend this book to any Viking or Norse buff.

Impact of Saving Rate on Economic Growth

Impact of Saving Rate on Economic Growth NURU ABUBAKAR INTRODUCTION Saving rate is the amount of money, expressed as a percentage or ratio which one deducts from his/her disposable personal income to set aside for retirement or for investment in the money or the capital market in instruments like bonds treasury bills, shares etc. Savings rate can also refers to the percentage of gross domestic product (GDP) that is saved by households in a country (Ewa and Agu 2005). This indicates the financial state and growth of the country because households’ savings constitute the major source of government borrowing to finance public projects and also provides funds for private investments. It is an obvious fact that income is received as wages or salaries, rents, interests or profits by owners of factors of production. With the received income households buy the consumer goods they need. Not all personal income available to the individual or family, or the household is for personal use. The government takes a sizable amount in the form of personal incom e taxes. After these taxes are paid, what is left with the individual is disposable income (Ogunbitan 2010). Disposable income is used to pay for consumer goods and services, to pay interest on debts and for savings. Disposable income is an important concept because the income enables the consumer to decide how much to spend on current goods and services and how much to save. Savings is therefore that part of disposable income that is not spend on current consumption of goods and services but reserved for future use. Economic growth on the other hand is the process by which there is a sustained rise in real per capita income or output of goods and services over a given period of time (Ewa and Agu 2005). A positive relationship exists between savings rate and economic growth because when savings rate is high banks have more capital to lend for capital investments to both private investors and the government (Tawiah 2006). When savings rate is increased, economic growth certainly will increase because more capital is available to investors at reduced interest rates leading to increases investment in the capital stock. This study therefore focuses on exploring how savings rate impact economic growth THE IMPACT OF SAVING RATE ON ECONOMIC GROWTH Savings implies refraining from consumption. A consumer’s disposable income is either consumed or saved. The rate at which different consumers consume and save part of their disposable income apparently differs (Bleaney, Gemmell and Kneller 2001). This implies that different consumers have distinct average propensity to consume (APC) and average propensity to save (APS). These averages explain how much a consumer consumes and saves at a particular level of income. Similarly, there is marginal propensity to consume (MPC) and marginal propensity to save (MPS). The marginal propensity to save represents the fractional part of an increase in income that is saved. Aggregate saving assembles idle funds from surplus units to deficit units in the economy facilitating investment both by the private and public sector (Ogunbitan 2010). When aggregate savings improves, financial institutions are in position of funds to borrow their customers and government alike. The rate of interest actu ally determines investment in a country. The lower the interest rate charged by banks, the better investors are attracted to borrow for investment (Buscemi and Yallwe 2012). Income earned is either consumed or saved, that is, Y = C + S where Y represents income, C, consumption and S, savings. From the above linear function, saving means income less consumption, that is, S = Y – C. Savings therefore is affected by active spending decisions. There are basically three types of savings, namely; personal saving, business saving and government saving Personal savings is influenced by the following factors; Size of income: as income increases all things being equal, savings also increase Rate of interest: a higher rate of interest may attract more people to save and vice versa Government policy: the government can influence the level of savings in different ways such as attractive rate of interest policy and income tax relief or tax holidays or tax concessions (Ogunbitan 2010). Sense of responsibility: people with careful spending habits save even when the income is low compared to extravagant people who don’t even save at higher income levels. Political situation: a country with a stable political climate encourages citizens as well as foreign investors to save and invest which results into economic growth. The second form is business saving and is affected by the following: Profits: to encourage and affect savings, profit is necessary. The higher the profit the greater the inclination to save. Also, when profit is attractive directors of companies keep aside part of the profit to plough back into the business for growth and expansion (Bleaney, Gemmell and Kneller 2001). Anticipated rise in prices: when business units anticipates rise in price level, they increase their quantum of savings through investment goods to reap later the anticipated rise in price (Tawiah 2006) Government policy: an increase tax on company’s profit will reduce tax and vice versa The third form of savings is government saving. Government saving is achieved chiefly through a budget surplus. This may be secured by increasing revenue through additional taxation or by reducing current government expenditure. Apart from a budget surplus, saving can occur in other forms, such as when national insurance and pension contributions exceed current payments (Tawiah 2006). Reasons for saving; individuals may choose to save for some of the following reasons To provide for old age or for future expenditure To guard against a rainy day or unforeseen circumstances To leave an estate for immediate children or grand children Sometimes people save to become wealthy and raise their status in the society. Relationship between savings and investment In a frugal or savings economy, part of the earned income is consumed and part is saved. Let’s assume the following; That household spend only part of their income and save the rest There are some firms which produce consumer goods and some which produce investment (that is, producer or capital goods), and That all savings is undertaken by firms It is also important to explain withdrawals and injection. Savings and investment are examples of two other general categories of expenditure called withdrawals and injections respectively. An injection is an addition to the income of a domestic firm that does not arise from the spending of households or an addition to the income of domestic households that does not arise from the spending of the firms (Ewa and Agu 2005). A withdrawal on the other hand is any income that is not passed on in the circular flow of income and expenditure. Having established that part of aggregate personal incomes (that is, the national income) will be spent on consumer goods and part will be saved, it then follows that: National Income = Amount spend on consumer goods + Amount saved, that is, symbolically, Y = C + S †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..1 S = Y – C†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.2 Where Y = Income C = Consumption and S = Savings Considering national income as the value of the volume of the goods and services produced in which we have two parts, namely: consumers’ goods (C) and producers goods (investment), the following equation could be deduced National income = amount of consumer goods produced + amount of producer goods produced Since the production of investment good is an investment, the following equation could be obtained Y = C + I †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.1 I = Y – C †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.2 We can now deduce that since equation 2 above is stated that Y – C = S and where Y = income, C = Consumption and S = saving Equation 4 states that Y – C = I. similarly Y = Income, C = consumption and I = Investment equations 2 and 4 gives the equality of saving and investment. Algebraically, Y – C = S established from 2 above and Y – C = I recall, 4 above, then it implies that S = I†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.1 Since Y = C + S recall equation 1 above and Y = C + I recall equation 3 above, that is C + S = C + I†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..2 Hence, S = I From the above analysis, it can be concluded that the equilibrium level of national income is determined when savings equals investment. It follows therefore that changes in either savings or investment will bring about changes in the national income. For instance, when savings exceeds investment income will fall but when investment exceeds savings, income will rise. This is because more saving but less investment will mean less employment of factors leading to lower total output and hence lower national income. On the contrary, more investment but less savings, will mean employment of more factors leading to greater total output and, hence, a higher national income. There is stability, that is, balance or equilibrium in the level of national income only when saving is equal to investment. Economic growth implies more output per head as a result of more input and more efficiency. The output per head determines the standard of living in a country. Countries worldwide get preoccupied with horrendous efforts directed towards raising the rate of economic growth. This is the desire of the peoples in different countries to raise the level of their well-being. Economic growth is influenced by different factors which include; the skills and efforts of the labor force, the rate of investment, and the type of investment which is induced by appropriate level of savings, technological progress, availability and extent of the exploitation of natural resources, the persisting climate in the trade relationship with other countries, the extent of specialization, social and religious organization as in the qualities of the people’s character, government policy etc. Conclusion It is established from the above analysis the equality of aggregate savings to aggregate investment, and can be deduced that when savings rate is high in the economy, banks have more capital to lend for capital investment, which in turn promotes the volume of goods and services produced in the economy. That is, when savings rate increases, economic growth would certainly increase because more capital is available at reduced interest rate. This will also lead to increased investment in capital stock. It then implies that savings is a veritable tool that promotes investment in any given country. When investment is improved, there is increase in the volume of goods and services produced, stimulated by the savings rate which in turn leads to higher gross national income figures. This figures when measured leads to higher income per head and increased real income of the citizens. When government policies favor both households and firms who are the major agent of production, it leads to higher rate of savings and higher rate of savings provides funds available to prospective investors who borrow from either the financial institutions or from the money market on short term basis and from the capital market on long term basis. The improvement in the level of economic activities continues with additional savings as a result of improvement in the various sectors of the economy and eventually economic development is attained which is the goal and pursuit of all economies. It is therefore not out of place to conclude that savings rate in an economy can boost economic growth. Government should always ensure that monetary policies like attractive rate of interest on savings, bank rate, liquidity ratio etc. and fiscal policies like tax rebate, tax concessions and tax holidays are favorable at all times for the firms and household who are the major agent of production p rocess in the economy to continue to accumulate loanable funds by banks to accelerate investments. The rate of savings in an economy is a determinant of economic growth. Works Cited Bleaney, M, N Gemmell, and R. Kneller. Testing the endogenous growth model: public expenditure, taxation and growth over the long-run. Canadian Journal of Economics, 2001: 36-57. Buscemi, Antonino, and Alem Hagos Yallwe. Fiscal Deficit, National Saving and Sustainability of Economic Growth in Emerging Economies: A Dynamic GMM Panel Data Approach. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 2012: 126-140. Ewa, U, and G. A. Agu. New System Economics for A’level. Africana First Publishers Limited, 2005: 180-181. Ogunbitan, O. Easy to Understand Economics. Rasmed Publication Limited, 2010. Tawiah, P. Basic Economics for West Africa. Idodo Umeh Publishers Ltd., 2006.

Jane Eyre :: essays research papers

Passion and Responsibility In the novel Jane Eyre, Charlotte Bronte uses Jane Eyre as her base to find out how a character confronts the demands of a private passion that conflicts with her responsibilities. . Mistreated abused and deprived of a normal childhood, Jane Eyre creates an enemy early in her childhood with her Aunt Mrs. Reed. Just as Mrs. Reeds life is coming to an end, she writes to Jane asking her for forgiveness, and one last visit from her. â€Å"Will you have the goodness to send me the address of my niece, Jane Eyre, and to tell me how she is. It is my intention to write shortly and desire her to come to see me at Madeira†¦I wish to adopt her during my life, and bequeath her at my death whatever I may have to leave.† (252) Regretting many things in her life, Jane is put into a situation in which the answer lies in deterring to redress the wrong or to keep the past where it belongs and do what Jane believes is ethical and morally right.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Obligations arise as Jane is forced to stay with Mrs. Reed. With out being nurtured, Jane receives unnecessary abuse and still feels as if she is yet to find â€Å"home†. Frustration slowly builds up in Jane’s mind and she awaits the perfect chance to let it all out, â€Å"You think I have no feelings, and that I can do without one bit of love or kindness; but I cannot live so: and you have no pity† (33) With the anger and anguish built up inside of Jane, she finally finds a chance to move out, leaving behind a broken relationship with her aunt Mrs. Reed. Jane works towards living a better life, a more worthwhile life leaving what happened in the past, where it belongs. As Mrs. Reed becomes ill, she wishes to see Jane one last time before she passes away. This triggers the moral side of the Character Jane Eyre, and she is stumped on a decision she was to make, not realizing that her decisions will show her true character.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Whether it is because of the obligation, out of love, pity or kindness, Jane believes she visit Mrs. Reed and fulfill her last wishes. â€Å"Forgive me for my passionate language; I was a child then; eight, nine years have passed since that day.† (253) Putting the hardships behind her Jane gives her full apologies to Mrs. Jane Eyre :: essays research papers Passion and Responsibility In the novel Jane Eyre, Charlotte Bronte uses Jane Eyre as her base to find out how a character confronts the demands of a private passion that conflicts with her responsibilities. . Mistreated abused and deprived of a normal childhood, Jane Eyre creates an enemy early in her childhood with her Aunt Mrs. Reed. Just as Mrs. Reeds life is coming to an end, she writes to Jane asking her for forgiveness, and one last visit from her. â€Å"Will you have the goodness to send me the address of my niece, Jane Eyre, and to tell me how she is. It is my intention to write shortly and desire her to come to see me at Madeira†¦I wish to adopt her during my life, and bequeath her at my death whatever I may have to leave.† (252) Regretting many things in her life, Jane is put into a situation in which the answer lies in deterring to redress the wrong or to keep the past where it belongs and do what Jane believes is ethical and morally right.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Obligations arise as Jane is forced to stay with Mrs. Reed. With out being nurtured, Jane receives unnecessary abuse and still feels as if she is yet to find â€Å"home†. Frustration slowly builds up in Jane’s mind and she awaits the perfect chance to let it all out, â€Å"You think I have no feelings, and that I can do without one bit of love or kindness; but I cannot live so: and you have no pity† (33) With the anger and anguish built up inside of Jane, she finally finds a chance to move out, leaving behind a broken relationship with her aunt Mrs. Reed. Jane works towards living a better life, a more worthwhile life leaving what happened in the past, where it belongs. As Mrs. Reed becomes ill, she wishes to see Jane one last time before she passes away. This triggers the moral side of the Character Jane Eyre, and she is stumped on a decision she was to make, not realizing that her decisions will show her true character.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Whether it is because of the obligation, out of love, pity or kindness, Jane believes she visit Mrs. Reed and fulfill her last wishes. â€Å"Forgive me for my passionate language; I was a child then; eight, nine years have passed since that day.† (253) Putting the hardships behind her Jane gives her full apologies to Mrs.

Health Effects of Air Pollution

Air pollution could affect the climate, the environment, and human health.   Among these areas, the health is the main focus of this paper (Thomson Scientific, 2005).Polluted air may contain one or more hazardous substances that affect human health.   The term of measurement for this is â€Å"particulate matter† or the number of particles of potentially hazardous substances as percentage of air.This includes a wide range of pollutants.   Examples of particulate matter includes road dust, diesel soot, fly ash, wood smoke, nitrates in fertilizers, sulfate aerosols, lead, and arsenic to name a few.The suggested Federal limit of an â€Å"average† of 50 micrograms of â€Å"particulate matter† per cubic foot of air in one year period is considered poor air quality {Gore, 2005).Health effects of air pollution could be short-term or long-term. Effects will depend on the individual’s sensitivity.   When it comes to the extent of harm, it usually depends on the total exposure to damaging chemicals. Short-term effects may include simple symptoms such as headaches, nausea and allergic reactions.These symptoms could lead to irritation of the eyes, nose and throat.   There are also severe cases which could lead to upper respiratory infections such as pneumonia and bronchitis.   It may be short-term but the effects are severe and will need more medical attention.   Air pollutants also have long-term effects which include lung cancer, chronic respiratory disease, and heart disease.These effects could even damage the brain, nerves, liver or kidneys.   According to the National Resources Defense Council, some 64,000 people in the USA may be dying prematurely each year from cardiopulmonary causes linked to air pollution (Gore, 2005).The most affected people were the children, and the elderly.   In addition, people with health problems such as asthma, hearth disease also suffer more when air is polluted. In 1995 study by the American C ancer Society and Harvard Medical School, air pollution accounts for about 300,000 premature deaths in USA each year (Gore, 2005).Children are one of the most affected by air pollution because they have not yet fully developed their immune system.   Simple cigarette smoke and smoke coming from exhausts of motor vehicles could be detrimental to them.Researchers have reported in their long study that children teenagers in Southern California were likely to have diminished lung function because of severe air pollution.   The study made by James Gauderman of University of Southern California and his colleagues was published in New England Journal of Medicine on 1,759 children ages 10 to 18 in a dozen Southern California communities.The study was concluded that the reason for the diminishing lung function came primarily from car exhaust.   It was found out that 7.9 percent of the 18-year-olds in the highest pollution areas had lung capacities that were less than 80 percent of what they should have been.Among those subjected to the least-polluted air, 1.6 percent had underperforming lungs. It was also reported that there were similar effects when children live in the home of a mother who smokes.   Estimated was half a million die prematurely every year in the United States as a result of smoking cigarettes (Gore, 2004).Just like children, elderly and people with health problems are most at risk in polluted air.     As people grow older, they encounter more and more health problems which could be aggravated by air pollution.   The exact impact may not be thoroughly understood but long term exposure may increase susceptibility to infections.Also to be taken into account is the duration of the exposure and concentration of the particulate matter in the air.   It is estimated that polluted air shortened the lives by an average of one to two years. In the great â€Å"Smog Disaster† in London in 1952, four thousand people died in few days due to hig h concentrations of pollution (Gore, 2005).There are many steps made to protect human health against air pollution.   American Lung Association is very active and recommends the use of heat recovery ventilator or an energy recovery ventilator remove stale polluted air (Gore, 2005).A treaty called Kyoto Protocol in 1997 entered as part of United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change made a great impact on reducing air pollution.   The treaty aims to reduce emission of dangerous gases such as carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide by industrialized countries which affects the health of their citizens. One measure adopted in the treaty to reduce harmful discharges is creation of carbon emission (CO) credits.Those who failed to observe the restriction will be ordered to install necessary equipment to reduce the air pollution under pain of severe financial sanction or buy (CO) credits.The credits are like ordinary commodities.   They could sell to it to companies that f ind it difficult to comply with the emission restriction.   If the market value of the (CO) credit is higher than the cost of pollution reduction equipment, they will be forced to comply thus, reducing the air pollution that affects human health.According to reports, these (CO) credits are now being traded in the exchanges of Chicago Climate Exchange in the US, European Climate Exchange in United Kingdom, Nord Pool in Norway and PowerNext in France. (Palabrica, 2007).ReferencesPalabrica, R. (2007). Trading on climate change, corporate securities info.Philippine Daily Inquirer.Thomson Scientific (2005). Air pollution. Retrieved September 7, 2007 fromESI Special Topics. Retrieved on September 7, 2007 from http://esi-topics.com/airpolGore, P. (2005). Air pollution health effects. Retrieved August 7, 2007 from http://www.lbl.gov/Education/ELSI/pollution-main.html