Research Proposal Essay Example for Free

Research Proposal EssayI would like to write about a famous Arabic writer, Naguib Mahfouz. His poetry and prevails inspire me a lot and I enjoy reading his things. My father perpetually used to read them to me, because his poems were true. Mahfouz always talks about the issues affecting the people of Egypt generational, historical, religious, and political. Egyptians always nominate something going on. With his writings, Mahfouzs introduces the reader to Egyptian reformers and modern and traditional qualitys as they change. We all know that as a country Egypt constantly reforms, even at an early age, Mahfouz has been able to capture hints of revolution.Mahfouzs novels are stories of love, ethics, moral responsibility, and crises that characterize a culture that has had m any(prenominal) changes. His stories talk about and describe the lives of ordinary individuals caught in struggles of identity and religion. His fictional work paint a picture of Egyptian Muslims that are r uled by their own culture, as well as those they confluence as a result of the outside influence of colonialism. This simultaneity allows Mahfouz to depict the contemporary Egyptian identity as both modern and traditional. In Naguib Mahfouzs briefly story Zaabalawi there see a young man in search of the mysterious Zaabalawi, because he afflicted with a disease which doctors are otiose to cure. Zaabalawi is known to cure illnesses, a holy man that has healing powers. Zaabalawi is like a mysterious figure that has some strange powers to accomplish the impossible.While in this search, the protagonist visits a variety of figures including a religious lawyer, a book seller, a government officer, a calligrapher, and a musician. Not able to find any definite answers as to the whereabouts of Zaabalawi, he begins to doubt his existence. Eventually, however, while in a drunken sleep in a tavern, he dreams that he is in a beautiful garden and experiences a state of harmony and contentment. He awakes to find that Zaabalawi was with him but has now disappeared again. Though upset at having missed him, the main character is encouraged by his dream and determines to continue his search for Zaabalawi.In this story the author uses symbolism to convey his message to his audience, that the quest to find Zaabalawi is a move into our souls in search of the inner peace that inside us. Mahfouz uses a lot symbolic meanings, such as irony, that is why I want to write about this work. I have always been drawn to these types of writing.Annotated Bibliography1. Aboul-Ela, Hosam. The Writer Becomes Text Naguib Mahfouz and State Nationalism in Egypt. Biography An Interdisciplinary Quarterly, 272 (2004 Spring), pp. 339-56. I chose Prof. Aboul Ela because his work because its easy to read and very simple, some of the other materials was a bit too hard to put together.2. Naguib Mahfouz. The Happy Man ONE creative activity OF LITERATURE Shirley Geok-Lin Kim and Norman A. Spencer. Houghton Mifflin Company, 1993. p.46-p.53 Im using this source because its going to help me explain other literary works of Naguib Mahfouz in this essay.3. Modern Egyptian improvident Stories by El-Gabalawy, Saad (trans.) (Najib Mahfouz, Youssef Idris, Saad Elkhadem) ISBN 0919966039 Im using this other source because of the type of writing. This book explains how Mahfouz writes his stories, and what he uses in terms of grammar and how he builds the story, symbolism and irony.4. http//www.kirjasto.sci.fi/mahfouz.htm This source is going to help me talk of the state of mind of Naguib Mahfouz when he wrote his books. It explains how Mahfouz became a beginning of an era not only in the Egyptian literature but also in the Arab literature.He was always lonely, maybe thats the reason why his writings were always kind of sad.

Personal & Professional Healthcare Communication Paper Essay Example for Free

Personal Professional Healthc ar Communication Paper look forCommunication, according to the Free Dictionary, is the exchange of thoughts, messages, or information, as by speech, signals, writing or behaviors. It is vital in the development and maintenance of personal and original relationships. It is in-chief(postnominal) to understand talk also includes non-verbal as well as verbal acts. According to Rane (2010), 93% of discourse is sign(a) and body language is an strong nonverbal converse tool. in that respect are two subjective components in parley, which are a sender and receiver of a message. In the personal and maestro wellness aidfulness colloquy paper, I will discuss the definition of wellnesscare communication, the relevancy of potent personal healthcare communication to health outcomes, how the lack of stiff personal and sea captain healthcare communications contributes to brusk health outcomes, and the theories and principles of remediation communica tion in health care settings for the healthcare professional (UOP, 2012). Healthcare communication definitionIn the healthcare field communication is vital to provide optimal care for the longanimous of and enhancing the ability to make informed decisions. Healthcare communication relates to communication between people in health care organization, according to Northouse, 1998. This communication altogetherows for questions and answers to who, what, where, how and when about health-related information in the patient-healthcare professional relationship. When used correctly communication enhances patient outcomes and results from patient surveys.Relevancy of effective personal healthcare communication with other healthcare professionals, clients, and patients (UOP,2012) Communication with the healthcare group including the patient, their family, medical professionals such as the doctor, nurse, and ancillary services such as X-ray department, pharmacy is vital in achieving the best outcomes as a result of evaluation, intervention, and the overall status of the patient. In order to give risque-quality health care, it requires effective communication between the team and the patient. In cases of Non-English speaking patients or individuals with hearing impairments, they require other resources for effective communication such as interpreters, picture board or other devices. The healthcare professional must explain procedures or management of care to the patient or family to ensure optimal goals. It is through effective communication that the healthcare professional empowers the consumer with knowledge related to their illness, its schedule of care by increasing patient compliance.It is when the patient does not understand what is happening in the health care system they need the professional to be understanding and sensitive by taking cartridge clip to explain. This helpers the patient by meeting their need to understand according to Northouse, 1998. R elevancy of effective professional healthcare communication to health outcomes (UOP, 2012) Effective professional healthcare communication is relevant to desired health outcomes. Successful communication is essential between team members because it allows for the development of specific objectives to accomplish. The health care team strives as one but individually they ensure the patient reaches the desired outcomes. If all team members are not on board to assure the patient reaches the goals set forth causes an uphill battle which produces conflict. This conflict could be productive by encouraging the team to review a difference in horizon that can be beneficial for the patient.How the lack of effective personal and professional healthcare communications contributes to poor health outcomes (UOP, 2012) The lack of effective personal and professional healthcare communication affects teamwork, patient satisfaction, patient safety, patient management, compliance with treatment, level of anxiety, job satisfaction efficiency, which potentially leads to poor patient health outcomes (www.health.vic.gov.au/qualitycouncil/safetymodul/page22.htm). The purpose of effective communication in healthcare is to provide first-class medical care, minimal to no medical errors and have precision and without it there is room for medical errors, poor patient care and an ineffective team that produces undesired outcome. In the professional and patient relationship, the lack of good communication causes the patient to be apprehensive in asking questions, to worry about being twainersome because they feel other patients are sicker, and there is an assumption that the patient does not have any concerns.There are barriers to communication that include only one between the sender and receiver of the message understands the message, cultural differences, and lack of education. In sending the message it is essential that the message is received with clarity, it is concise and complete. I f the patient has a language barrier, it can be masked by the patient not responding to information and it is detected as a result of poor or no compliance. In literacy concerns, all information should be presented on a 5th grade level to aid in the comprehension of the information. The care of the patient should be patient/family centered which helps in detecting any language, cultural or literacy barriers (Schyve, 2007). For example, a 46 course of instruction old single male patient that is functionally literate is admitted with a diagnosis of acute angina. During the admission process it is disclosed he completed the seventh grade which renders him functionally literate and there is no language barrier. The cardiologist (heart doctor) comes in and discusses his plan of care that includes a stress test.The nurse asks the patient if he has any questions and he reports he cannot do any exercise. The nurse provides information related to the procedure that includes using medication s to mimic the manual exercise. The theories and principles of therapeutic communication in health care settings for the healthcare professional (UOP, 2012) Therapeutic communication is a process in which the nurse consciously influences or helps the client to better understanding through verbal or nonverbal communication (The Free Dictionary). There are detailed approaches that promote the expression of feelings and ideas that convey approval and respect in a non judgmental manner. Therapeutic communication encourages the patient to participate in the plan of care. The patient would not be receptive to engaging in communication if the nurse runs in and out of the room hurriedly or promises to perform a task and not complete it. It is important that the patient views the care professional as one that is caring and willing to go the extra mile for the patient. The patient can be appreciative of any act of kindness displayed by the professional in as they promote Jean Watsons Theory o f Human Caring. Most nurses chose this career because of a genuine caring attitude toward all mankind therefore using the Watsons caring system will enhance the caring system.The information found in Watsons caring opening helps the nurse revisit the place of traditional values, which is the foundation of becoming a nurse The following are Watsons clinical caritas process (es) Practice of loving-kindness and calmness with context of caring-consciousness (Alligood Tomey, 2006 p.116) macrocosm authentically present and enabling and sustaining the deep belief system and subjective life world of self and the on-being-cared-for (Alligood Tomey, 2006 p.116) Cultivation of ones own spiritual practices and transpersonal self, going beyond ego self. Being sensitive to self and other (Alligood Tomey, 2006 p.116) Developing and sustaining a helping-trusting, authentic caring relationship (Alligood Tomey, 2006 p.116) Being present to and supportive of the expression of positive and nega tive feelings as a connection with deeper spirit of self and the on-being-cared-for (Alligood Tomey, 2006 p. 116)Creative use of self and all shipway of knowing as part of the caring process and engagement in artistry of caring-healing practices (Alligood Tomey, 2006 p. 117) Engaging in genuine teaching-learning experience that attends to unity of being and importee and attempts to stay within others frame of reference (Alligood Tomey, 2006 p. 117) Creating healing environment at all levels (physical as well as nonphysical) whereby wholeness, beauty, comfort, dignity, and peace are potentiated (Alligood Tomey, 2006 p. 117) Assisting with basic needs, with an intentional caring consciousness administering human care essentials, which potentiate alignment of mind-body-spirit, wholeness, and unity of being in all aspects of care attending to both embodied spirit and evolving emergence, (Alligood Tomey, 2006 p. 118) and Opening and attending to spiritual-mysterious and existential dimensions of ones own life-death soul care for self and the one-being-cared-for (Alligood Tomey, 2006 p. 118).The Caring Theory facilitates therapeutic communication because it addresses all aspects of the patients being which encourages the patient to be more open and receptive to the treatment and procedures needed to promote desired outcomes. confine to everyone who asks of you, and from the one who takes what is yours do not demand it back. Do to others as you would have them do to you (King James Bible, Luke 630-31). In conclusion, effective communication is understood by the patient and healthcare team and if there is a misunderstanding the communication is nonexistent, the terms of health care cease or continues with poor quality and high risks to patient safety (Schyve, 2007).Effective communication enhances the potential to provide error-free care of the patient. When there is an error it is viewed as the inability to provide optimal patient care (ODaniel Rosenstein, d ate unknown). In order to provide premium quality patient care effective communication is a requirement therefore it is an important government agency of communication and teamwork to reduce errors in the medical field thus increasing patient safety and promoting desired outcomes (Grover, 2005). I believe in providing therapeutic effective communication the health care professional should utilize professional skills learned especially those the endorse a caring and nurturing nurse-client/patient or professional-professional relationship.ReferencesAlligood, M. R. Tomey, A. M. (2006). Nursing theory Utilization application (3rd ed.). St. Louis, MO Mosby ElsevierGrover, S. M. (2005). Shaping Effective Communication Skills and Therapeutic Relationships at Work. AAOHN Journal, 53(4), 177. King James Version. (1976). The Holy Bible. Nashville, Tennessee Thomas Nelson, Inc Northouse, L. Northouse, P. (1998) Health communication Strategies for health professionals (3rd ed.) Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice HallODaniel, M. Rosenstein, A. ( ). Chapter 33. Profession Communication and Team Collaboration www.ahrq.gov/qual/nurseshdbk/docs/ODanielM_TWC.pdfRane, D. B. (2010). Effective Body Language for organizational Success. IUP Journal Of Soft Skills, 4(4), 17-26.Schyve, P. (2007). Language Differences as a Barrier to Quality and Safety in Health Care The Joint Commission Perspective. Society of planetary Internal MedicineThe free dictionary.http//medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/therapeutic+communicationcommunicationThe free dictionary.http//medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/therapeutic+communicationtherapeutic communicationUniversity of Phoenix, 2012. HCS/350-Health Care Communication www.uop.eduWhy is communication important in health care? http//www.health.vic.gov.au/qualitycouncil/safety_module/page22.htm

Why Do We Need Criminal Law?

Why Do We Need Criminal Law?Why we need Criminal Law.Even though some intrust that laws sometimes oppress the people, a baseball club with laws would not be a society but more like a jungle because laws serve to prescribe human interaction and laws enforce moral belief. The purposes of criminal law in its simplest form are to foster and serve society. Criminal law has basic functions that military service protect society. Criminal law purpose in society function is to protect the basic moral of the people. In the early days in America, chronicle during the so-called Wild West morality was a low point. Criminal without a regard for the law dominated the social norm during the cowboy era. legion(predicate) townships did not have law enforcement and thus lawlessness had no buffer for crime. If control had not been restored the country in all probability would not make up today.The laws exist to create a line that must not be cross or else unrivalled pull up stakes suffer the c onsequence of violating the law. According to dog Schmalleger, the author of Criminal justice today, the fundamental to the concept of criminal law is the assumption that criminal act injure not just individuals, but society as a whole. (Schmalleger, 2011, p.117) Gleaning from his statement it is clear that when a crime is relegateted it does not only affect the victim but the community. When saying community this is to allow in family, friends, and possibly neighbors. Therefore, any time a law is broken it can affect many people. Moreover as a society, we need to have buffers to economize order or else disastrous society would be the norm. Since the law act as a buffer for lawlessness it is fair to say that it also dumbfound boundaries for law-abiding citizens. In order for criminal law to exercise these boundaries has to often deterrence.Deterrence is a stopping point of criminal sentencing that go throughks to inhibit criminal behavior through the fear of revengement. ( Schmalleger, 2011, p. 374) In order to persuade people violating the law, they need to know that there will be consequences for their actions. The purpose of deterrence is not merely to punish one for a crime it also exist t to persuade other from committing the same crime. Often time when one is drive on the interstate or freeways one will see law enforcement sitting on the side of the road.The present of the officer is a simply deterrence to driver speeding. usual deterrence main goal is to reduce the probability of one committing a crime. (Schmalleger, 2011, p.374) When looking at everyday deterrence, it goal is stop deviance in the general population. Criminal law tries to use general deterrence that will stop future occurrence. When one in a store to shoplift they might see, a sign that state camera are monitoring the store. Furthermore, a store might have a security guard present to deter one stealing. The police might patrol an area near clubs where fight often occurs.Howev er, there is specific deterrence that seeks to avoid repeat offenses. (Schmalleger, 2011, p.374) In specific deterrence, the goal is to prevent recidivism by convicted offenders. In this theory, it attempts to eliminate the offender repeat the crime by corporal punishment, three strike rule, and shock sentencing. When deterrence does not work the justice system only alternative is punishment.Punishment is much like deterrence in that it is seen as a crime preventive measure. Some see punishment as a nature and deserved consequence of criminal activity. (Schmalleger, 2011, p.374) If criminal law is to function correctly criminal have to know that if they commit a crime, especially after the system has place deterrence as a buffer to prevent one form committing a crime they will be punished.Punishment for offense such as child molestation is one of the toughest punishments for offenders. Next to the death penalty child molester are given the inexorable punishment. The offender are of ten limited to where they can live, seek employment and whom they can interact with in society. One might say that the punishment they forgather is just but this punishment often led to recidivism. Therefore, the strictness of this punishment tends to defend the purpose. Society will say that the punishment is a success however, it is not rehabilitating. Punishment does have it place in society and does work but one must ask is punishment just or is just payment with makeup. Retribution is seen as the act of taking revenge on criminal perpetrator. (Schmalleger, 2011, p.373) Retribution seems like the punishment that child molesters receive. The just deserts model is seen as the criminal getting what they deserve. (Schmalleger, 2011, p.374) However, this does not solve the problem it perpetual the problem in criminal law. The Court claims to justify the death penalty in retributive terms in part because execution vindicates the communitys interest in denouncing the conduct of the offender with the ultimate penalty. Nevertheless, the Courts analysis is problematic. First, if satisfying the communitys desire for punishment counts as a retributive goal, the Court uncritically understands the death penalty as the ultimate penalty. (Markel, 2009)In conclusion, society knows the purposes of criminal law in its simplest form are to protect and serve society. Criminal law can perform it basic functions, which is to help protect society. However, criminal law will never achieve it s documentary if the criminal is not rehabilitated. Rehabilitation should be a main objective next protecting and serving. If society did not have criminal law, the society would not be to survive.

Research On First Nations Addiction Sociology Essay

Research On offset printing Nations Addiction Sociology EssayAddiction is the continued use of a biliousness altering gist or behaviour despite adverse dependency consequences, or a neurological impair manpowert leading to such behaviors. Addictions can take, only atomic number 18 not limited to, alcoholic beverage abuse, drug abuse, exercise abuse, pornography and gambling. Classic hallmarks of addiction include impaired control over contentednesss/behavior, preoccupation with effect/behavior, continued use despite consequences, and denial. The original Nation mess in Canada or The original tribe be erect to study these addictive b former(a)wises more(prenominal) when comp ared to other community in Canada and this has created a drastic change in the survival of their community.First Nations are the sundry(a) pristine peoples in Canada who are neither Inuit nor Metis. There are roughly 630 bands of first nation people spread across Canada, and the majority of the m are found in Ontario and British Columbia. Under the utilisation Equity Act, First Nations are a designated group along with women, visible minorities and persons with physical or mental disabilities.Founded in the 19th centimeury, the Canadian Indian residential schoolhouse system was intended to magnate the assimilation of Canadian Aboriginal and First Nations people into European-Canadian society. The purpose of the schools, which set-apart children from their families, has been described by commentators as cleanup spot the Indian in the child. Funded under the Indian Act by Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, a branch of the federal government, the schools were stockpile by churches of various denominations about 60% by Roman Catholics, and 30% by the Anglican Church of Canada and the United Church of Canada, along with its pre-1925 predecessors, Presbyterian, Congregationalist and Methodist churches.The attempt to force assimilation involved punishing children for baffle up toing their own languages or practicing their own faiths, leading to allegations in the 20th century of cultural genocide and ethnocide. There was widespread physical and sexual abuse. Overcrowding, silly sanitation, and a lack of medical care led to elevated rate of tuberculosis, and goal rates of up to 69%. inside information of the mistreatment of students had been published numerous clock throughout the 20th century, but following the closure of the schools in the 1960s, the work of indigenous activities and historians led to a change in the public perception of the residential school system, as well as official government apologies, and a (controversial) legal settlement.Colonization had a significant sham on First Nations diet and health. According to the historian Mary-Ellen Kelm, inadequate reserve allocations, restrictions on the food, fishery, overhunting, and over-trapping alienated First Nations from their traditional way of life, which undermined their physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual health.First Nations peoples front a number of problems to a greater degree than Canadians overall, many another(prenominal) another(prenominal) of their living conditions are comparable to discloseing nations alike Haiti. They cook higher(prenominal) unemployment, rates of incarceration, substance abuse, health problems, fetal alcohol syndrome, lower levels of cultivation and higher levels of poverty. Suicide rates are more than twice the sex-specific rate and also three times the age-specific rates of non-Aboriginal Canadians.Life expectancy at birth is significantly lower for First Nations babies than for babies in the Canadian state as a whole. As of 2001, Indian and Northern Affairs Canada estimates First Nations life expectancy to be 8.1 years shorter for males and 5.5 years shorter for females.Self-government has given chiefs and their councils powers which combine those of a province, school dialog box, health board and mu nicipality. Councils are also largely self-regulating regarding utilities, environmental protection, inseparable resources, building codes, etc. There is pertain that this wide-ranging authority, concentrated in a peerlessness council, might be a cause of the dysfunctional governments experienced by many First Nations.Gangs consisting of Aboriginals are becoming an increasing problem, across Canada, due to the abject living conditions. Most of them are found in Winnipeg and Manitoba.One of the most acrimonious issues to result from the Treaty process is the dark legacy of the residential school system. The purpose of the residential schools in Canada was to educate and civilize or western sandwichize the First Nation peoples in order that they adopt a more western that is European lifestyle. Separating the children from their parents and forcing religion on them, it was believed, was the only means by which to achieve this civilizing of the First Nations people.Residential Sc hools The LegacyThe story of and continuing debate around the root word of Residential Schools in Canada is highly contentious. The residential school experience continues to haunt First Nations peoples and, according to or so, has led to a popular indifference towards the education of many First Nations youth today. Many of the people who experienced a residential school education are without delay parents and grandparents and many possess deep biases against education for their children because of what they experienced. It is a difficult subject for many to understand because the residential school experience was not the same for e actuallyone involved. Clearly, some schools were better maintained than others while some staff members more benevolent than others. Although a difficult subject to broach, the story of the residential schools has become an distinguished part of not only First Nations history but of Canadian history.Separated from their family, friends, and in man y cases the only home they had known, First Nations children were taken together, according to age level, to the residential school in the subside of each year. Once at the school, they were not permitted to speak their native tongue and the supervisors spoke only English to them, punishing them if they reverted to their own language. In many cases, the children knew cypher of the English language upon their arrival and this meant that many spent several years in silence until they were even able to express their needs.The school environment was a stark contrast to the home environment where aboriginal children were important contributing members of their family expected to help with the work of day to day life tending the nets, cater the dogs, cutting and hauling wood, cutting up meat and fish for drying. The school demanded very little in comparison. A child had no responsibility for the eudaimonia of others. At residential school, the aboriginal child became no ones keeper, not even his own as, in many cases, all movements were monitored and children were expected to adhere to strict guidelines of conduct.The schools were very difficult and lonely steers for many children but they affected the entire family. If children returned home for the summer months in many cases, their parents found that they had significantly changed. They were no longer evoke in helping the family with daily tasks and rather than spending time with their families, who were no doubt becoming more foreign each passing year, most like to spend time with children their own age who also attended residential school.Perhaps the most detrimental effect of the schools was the childrens loss of all ability to speak their own language effectively breaking the means of communication and traditional acquaintance sharing between parents and their children. Furthermore children were taught at school that their culture was someway inferior and not worth preserving. As a result, the res idential school disrupted the passing of traditional beliefs, skills, and knowledge from one generation to the next, and deliberately separated the children from their heritage by encouraging them to resent it and embrace a more European outlook and belief system.While the cultural shock was immense without the residential schools, most First Nations youth would never lease learned to read and write, or learn about the world and other ways of life.By the 1950s, the Canadian government began to realize the residential school policy was a failure. The last residential school in Canada was closed some 30 years later.Today, Aboriginal people want recognition of what was do to their communities as a result of the residential schools. Aboriginal people have demanded, and received, official apologies from the Anglican, United and Roman Catholic churches which operated residential schools. As more and more former students of residential schools come forth with stories about the sexual and physical abuse they experienced, several religious government who administered the schools are being charged criminally.Aboriginal Mental Health and warmness UseAboriginal people make up only three per cent of Canadian citizens, but this population is one of the fastest growing in the country. It is also the youngest. The average age of Aboriginal people is 25. This is 10 years jr. than the average age of the ecumenic population.There is great variety in languages, beliefs, traditions and cultures among Aboriginal peoples. In British Columbia alone there are 203 First Nations bands. About 30 different First Nations languages are spoken in this province. Unfortunately, there are also high rates of mental illness and problem substance use in some Aboriginal communities. This is due to a number of factors, including a history of cultural combat injury.Still, a 2002-03 survey indicated that about 70 per cent of First Nations adults living on reserves felt in balance physically, em otionally, mentally, and spiritually. Also, Aboriginal people erecting from mental health problems have been shown to be more likely than the rest of Canadians to seek professional help (17 per cent as compared to eight per cent). This is a positive step towards meliorate for Aboriginal communities.The grade of Mental Illness and Substance Use Problems among AboriginalsAboriginal people have higher rates of post-traumatic stress disorder and depression than other groupsAbout 16 per cent have faced major depression, which is twice the Canadian average.More Aboriginal youth suffer from psychiatric problems than non-Aboriginal youth.Suicide is the leading cause of death among Aboriginal people under 44 years oldRates of completed suicide are higher among Aboriginal males than females and peak among young adults between the ages of 15 and 24.According to the Regional Health Survey in 2002-03, three in 10 adults (31 per cent) reported having had suicidal thoughts and one in six (16 pe r cent) had attempt suicide at some point in their lives.Among First Nations communities, suicide rates are twice the national average, and show no signs of decreasing.The rates among First Nations youth (between 15 and 24 years of age) were from five times (among boys) to seven times (among girls) higher than the Canadian population between 1989 and 1993.Aboriginal people are less likely to drink than the general population. Only 66 per cent of aboriginals drink alcohol. Still, among those who do drink, problem substance use is a serious concernMore than one quarter of Aboriginal Canadians have a substance use problem.Aboriginals are more likely to smoke than people in the general populationFirst-time use of tobacco, alcohol and other drugs tends to occur at younger ages in Aboriginal populations.Aboriginal youth are at a two-to-six times higher risk for every alcohol- bear upond problem compared to other young people.Aboriginal youth are more likely to smoke, use inhalants, and u se marijuana regularly.Substance use is a leading factor in teen pregnancy among Aboriginals.Aboriginal women have higher rates of substance use during pregnancy than other women. This means they are more likely to have babies born with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder and other problems.Why are the rates of mental illness and substance use so high among Aboriginals?A HISTORY OF ABUSE AND DISCRIMINATIONAboriginal people in Canada have been treated unfairly for centuries. Until 1970, many Aboriginal children were forced to go to residential schools. At these schools their culture, language and dignity were taken away from them. Some were abused physically and sexually. Because of these attacks on identity and culture, Aboriginal students and their families found residential schools traumatic, even when school personnel were kind and educational benefits occurred. As a result, a high percentage of residential school survivors suffer from mental or behavioral problems. The last resident ial schools closed in the 1980s, but their effects can still be seen in Aboriginal families and communities. The trauma felt by students and their families has been passed down through successive generations.BARRIERS TO HEALTH CAREThere are many obstacles that stand between Aboriginal people and character health care. Some of these includelack of access to servicediscrimination among health practitionerslack of appropriate carecultural barriers (i.e., lack of experience blend traditional and modern medicine)geographic isolationA CYCLE OF DIFFICULT FAMILY CIRCUMSTANCESNewer generations of Aboriginals are still at higher risk for mental health and substance use problems than the general population. This is partly because of the stress factors that continue to occur in many Aboriginal families. Oftentimes poverty, ill health, educational failure, family violence, problem substance use and other difficulties reinforce one another, perpetuating a cycle of dysfunction and despair.1. Ear ly Childhood Some Aboriginals live in overcrowded houses in isolated environments run by single parents who survive on very low income. As a result, some Aboriginal children fail to receive the attention they need to develop socially and emotionally. On reserves, there are very much many generations living under one roof. In these situations children may be exposed to alcohol and other drug use from a young age. This puts them at higher risk for substance use in their teen years and later. Higher than average rates of family violence, including physical and sexual abuse, also put Aboriginals at higher risk for mental health and substance use problems.2. Adolescence Young Aboriginals are at high risk for harms caused by substance use. In comparison to youth of the general population, Aboriginal youth experiencemore difficulties in school and higher high-school drop-out rates-this is often due to culture and language barriers. Some youth also experience discrimination from teachers and peers related to Aboriginal valuesconfused ethnic identity-it can be challenging for youth to identify with their heritage while being raised and educated in a non-Aboriginal societylower self-esteem and self-confidencehigher rates of sexual abuse-especially among females (nearly one quarter of female sexual-assault victims are younger than seven)more psychiatric problemsUnplanned teen pregnancy is an important factor that plays a role in the cycle of mental health and substance use problems among Aboriginals. Added to this issue is the fact that Aboriginal youth often start using drugs and alcohol to fit in with peers and boyfriends/girlfriends. Young women sometimes feel pressure to continue using substances after they become pregnant because they fear others will find out. This is one cause of the high rates of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) in the Aboriginal population. These rates suggest that some young women are addicted to alcohol, or they may not understand the risks of using alcohol and other drugs during pregnancy. This is a big problem because many expectant teen mothers also have slimy eating and exercising habits. All of these factors work together to create a high risk for delivering a child with problems.3. Adulthood Aboriginal women often have particularly stressful, hard lives because of physical abuse and a lack of support from their partners. Some use substances to manage stress or to cope with anxiety, depression and other mental health problems. Research has shown that there is a higher incidence of intimate partner abuse in Aboriginal communities than elsewhere. The use of substances by men has been shown to be an aggravating factor for violence within Aboriginal families. Some of the consequences of male violence against Aboriginal women includediminished self-esteem and sense of tributedamage to physical and emotional healthnegative wallop on children (nurturing a sense of fear and insecurity and the intergenerational pe rpetuation of the cycle of violence)negative impact on financial securityloss of matrimonial home and sometimes relocation outside the communityself-blamePROMOTION OF RESILIENCE IN ABORIGINAL COMMUNITIESIt is important to note that some Aboriginal communities have fewer problems than others. There are indeed factors that serve to protect some First Nations people and communities from the cycle of difficulty. For example, in the past, Aboriginals had very strong cultural practices that promoted healthy connectedness and forms of conflict resolution that encouraged reconciliation. This and other similar strengths have helped Aboriginals to survive despite the great obstacles they have faced, and still face today. Some other examples of strengths includethe traditional value that is placed on sharing, humility and not hurting othersthe value that is placed on cooperation and non-competitionthe traditional value placed on community conscience and a shared sense of responsibilitya histor y of spirituality, religious practices and ritualsa implanted belief in living in harmony with the Earth and all other creaturesTraditional strengths have sheltered some Aboriginal communities more than others. It is practical that these protective factors could be called upon to promote and assist the healing that is so needed today both within Aboriginal Communities and in Canadian society at large.Aboriginal people tend to consider mental wellness holistically. Good mental health means being in balance with family, community and the natural environment. Family and community have an important role in helping individuals regain their sense of balance. Therefore strong families and communities also promote resilience in Aboriginal communities.Why is it important to address mental health and substance use problems in Aboriginal populations?Social responsibilityIt is said that the measure of a train society is how it treats its most vulnerable citizens. Many Aboriginals are vulnera ble and treated poorly. Canadian society needs to find ways to connect with all people who are struggling and help them overcome issues that challenge families and communities. At the same time, society moldiness recognize that lasting healing for Aboriginal populations must come from within.Many of the difficulties Aboriginal people face today are a result of the contempt that was shown for their culture and identity in the past. Therefore, it is very important that healing processes for Aboriginal communities draw on and support the resilience embedded in traditional Aboriginal culture.EconomicsCanadas Aboriginal population is relatively small compared to the general population. Yet the problems and difficulties Aboriginals face are extreme, resulting in great expense to the whole country. A disproportionate number of Aboriginal people live in poverty, are homeless, or lack appropriate education. First Nations people experience more challenges related to FASD, trauma and other dev elopmental factors. A disproportionate number of Aboriginals are incarcerated or involved with the justice system. High rates of mental problems and substance use among Aboriginals strain the health care system. All of these imbalances taken together with poor health, loss of productivity, lack of social cohesion and other problems add up to significant economic cost to society.A HEALTHIER FUTUREAboriginal populations have unique patterns and consequences of mental illness and substance use. In order to address these, a wide range of cultural, environmental and historical factors must be considered.It is now widely accepted that psychosocial factors play an important role in individual and social development. A call has been made for the recognition of the influence of culture on health as well. When considering the substance use and mental health issues of Aboriginal people, it is important to acknowledge that horse opera culture has its own difficulties in these areas. Therefore the Western model may not be appropriate for Aboriginals. In addition, the influence of modern-day Western culture on Aboriginal populations may be seen as the root of some on-going substance use problems in these communities.It may be that taking part in the journey as Aboriginals rediscover and strengthen their communities ground on certain traditional practices could actually help mainstream society to understand the importance of practices like connectedness and reconciliation in healing. This could help the general population to better deal with its own mental health and substance use problems.Adopt a culturally appropriate attitudeLessons from the work that has been done in healing related to residential schools should be remembered and used in the context of healing in Aboriginal communities. Some of the key findings in research done by the Aboriginal Healing Foundation (AHF) around the healing from the legacy of residential schooling include1. Community healing is connected to individual healing. construct family and community support networks will help stabilize the healing of individuals have experienced childhood trauma and family disruption.2. Culture is good medicine. Culture-based outreach and healing mediated by survivors, local personnel and Elders has proven successful in reaching individuals who had previously resisted interventions.3. Resilience in individuals and communities can be tapped. Healthy individuals in distressed communities were found to be good at promoting change.4. It takes time to heal. AHF funding was limited to a few years, which proved to be enough to get the healing process started in many of the communities where projects were conducted, but not enough to see complete healing.5. Services must be put in place and kept in place to encourage individual healing and help communities with their healing journeys. Typically, programs are short-term and project- based, but research indicated that services using local capacity a nd Indigenous knowledge are effective and economical.6. As individuals and communities heal, the depth and complexity of needs can be seen, creating generating demand for training.Some of the most successful activities conducted to date by the AHF include healing/talking circles, interacting with Elders, one-on-one counseling, and participating in ceremonies.Support sex education and contraception for teensIf Aboriginal youth are not educated by their parents or schools, they learn about puberty, sex and relationships through their friends and the media. Education should be provided by both Elders and young First Nations role models who youth can relate to and trust. Many Aboriginal communities are isolated. This means that youth must travel to get to clinics for information, contraception, and counseling. Health services should be provided within communities and they must be confidential. Teens must feel sure that their use of such services will not result in labeling or negative j udgment by others.Advocate for targeted, culturally relevant programsAll programs that serve Aboriginal people should include screening for substance use and mental disorders. They should also target the communities most vulnerable citizens, like children and young women. Parent-education and family-support programs that are culturally sensitive could help lower violence and problem substance use. Programs for pregnant teens could feature cultural myths and be developed to direction on FASD prevention strategies. (Some studies show that Aboriginal youth are more likely to pay attention to cultural myths about the effects of eating strawberries or crabs during pregnancy than to avoid using drugs and alcohol. Adapting cultural myths to include warnings about drinking alcohol during pregnancy may help to reduce the risky behavior of pregnant teens.)We owe the Aboriginal peoples a debt that is four centuries old. It is their turn to become full partners in developing an even greater Can ada. And the reconciliation required may be less a matter of legal texts than of attitudes of the heart.(http//www.searchquotes.com/search/Aboriginal_People/)

Failed Anticorruption Mechanisms In The Philippines

Fai lead Anti depravity Mechanisms In The Philippines putrescence has been universally characterized as the misuse or the evil of frequent smirch for private gain. Its manifestations come in different forms such as il legitimate enticements and pay-offs, extortion, fraud, nepotism, graft, speed money, pilferage, theft, and embezzlement, falsification of records, kickbacks, influence peddling and campaign contributions. Although rottenness is known to be an attribute of the prevalent sector, it to a fault exists in other(a) facets of presidency, like political parties, private business sector and NGOs (USAID, 2005 World Bank, 2001).Combating subversion is, evidently, grand in its own right because when it is left unimpeded, it allow for have an acerbic effect on a democracy and in the general tumesce universe of a nation. Similarly, scrap depravity female genital organ serve as a switch or a tool resulting in wide-ranging economic reforms that poop create a level high tail iting field on which businesses operate. These supplementary gains can become significant components in the effort to marshal support for anti- turpitude initiatives.Basically, corruption is predominantly an issue of governance it manifests a breakdown of institutions, a dearth of competence and a inadequacy of capability to direct society and manage its deal through a framework of social, judicial, political and economic checks and balances. When formal structures and unaffixed systems go kaput, it becomes tougher and more difficult to put into practice and put into effect laws and policies that set about accountability and transp atomic number 18ncy. From an institutional perspective, corruption crops up when public officials have extensive influence and ubiquitous power, little accountability and vicious inducements, or when their accountability responds to informal rather than formal forms of regulation (UNDP, 2004, p. 2).Attempts to assail corruption have grown exponen tially in the last decades. High-profile cases of corruption in developing countries and emerging economies, inside intertheme organizations, and in the advanced industrial democracies have resulted to a growing public demand to attack the problem forcefully and with conviction.Addressing the IssueOne could never get to the bottom of corruption by simply digging over and dig out corrupt individuals, whether they ar government officials, politicians, or business large number. As it is, corruption prospers in environments where legal structures atomic number 18 vague, the rule of law is not deeply entrenched within cultural standards and where laws and the judiciary allow employees chances to exercise or wield unrestricted authority and unlimited power throughout various levels of government. As economies embark on liberalization, corruption can surface within the in truth mold of transplant. Example, privatization is a major strategy constituent in the conversion of a governme nt-dominated economy into one driven by private initiative. However, this changeover process can alter public officials when it is merged with a blend of low government wages and economic stagnation. Clearly, it is futile to get rid of leaders for administration a corrupt system if there atomic number 18 no changes do into that system simply educating government leaders would not be sufficient (Sullivan, 2000, pp. 3-9).In the Philippines, extensive corruption continues rage. According to the international corruption perception index, the Philippines is one of the most dishonest countries in the Asia-Pacific Region it ranked number 126 from a amount of 163 countries (Transparency International, 2006). Distribution of resources does not have transparency and many civil groups are kept out from taking part in the process of drafting and consolidating the national budget. Corruption devours a substantial proportion of government projects, with pay-offs and bureaucratic red tape bein g unconcealed predicament. Similarly, there still exist countless problems in the bidding processes for government projects. As it is, frail mechanisms for transparency and answerability promote bureaucratic corruption and as can be observed, institutions given the task to check and resolve corruption-related cases, like the Office of the Ombudsman and the Special Graft and Corruption Court or the Sandiganbayan, have shown to lack qualification and transparency. There have also been a number of scandals involving top government officials, a good example of which is the bribery case involving a China-based telecommunication firm (ZTE Corporation) and high-ranking government officials which further varnished government truth (BTI, 2009, p. 21).Institutions to Abolish CorruptionThe creation and maintenance of institutions purposely dedicated to the eradication of corruption is essential for the preservation of the rule of law as well as democratic institutions within countries. In A sia, institutions that are distinctively committed to the abolition of corruption are found in most countries of the expanse however, the framework for which they base their operations has not been designed to crap their apparent purpose. Majority of the agencies have extremely restricted powers and work on diminutive budgetary allotments. These agencies frequently produce the idea of the existence of initiatives for the purging of corruption but in verity these are only shallow schemes as evidenced by the lack, and most of the times, total absence of genuine political will to produce effectual institutions that would eradicate corruption. In effect, with the absence of political will, only allegorical pronouncements are made about the purging of corruption trance ruling regimes in occurrence want to continue with the corrupt practices intrinsic within the system. Basically, the desire of people and the will to effect change (who are the victims of corrupt practices) is wet, but unless people who have this so-called will to change can articulate such will in a vigorous manner and are prepared to topple down political leaders who wish to carry on with fraudulent practices, change for the better can never involve place.Institutions purposely intended to eliminate corruption should have the following attributes (ALRC, 2010, pp. 10-11)Autonomy of mandate, powers and appointments- not solely for people who are at the helm but also for all workers giving administrative support personnel essential be given security of tenure if their independence in implementing constitutional functions is to be a reality, by creating stipulation in significant legislation that they are not likely to be removed from office other than for transgression and lack of decorum. In addition, constitutional safeguards are needed to make sure of the trustworthiness of the individuals signed up to hold public positions in these institutions, as well as to check their morality is inta ct.Sufficient budgetary allocations to perform researches and inquiries, hearings, deterrence efforts, education and trainings and all other related tasks necessary to attain effectiveness. A competent law enforcement component to fight corruption must incorporate an investigation wing with adequate training and resources.Accessibility for people to cinch out grievances through diverse methods and must have other divisions throughout the country.Accountability to parliament and responsibility through appropriate methods that have been crafted to thwart intrusions by the executive or any other branch of government.Designed within the scaffold of the rule of law and the UN Convention against CorruptionVigorous and credible programs and mechanisms are vital to combat corruption in the Philippines for three reasonsThrough the media, business surveys and anti-corruption agencies, the Philippines is cited with increasing regularity as a nation where foreign and domestic investments are h ampered because of corruption and whose competitive position is eroded because of its continued existence.Corruption incontrovertibly depletes existing resources for development, obstructs the right of entry to services for poor communities and destabilizes public confidence in the governments resolve and capability to serve the underprivileged.Corruption has surfaced as a critical global measure for allocating scarce development aid reserves.Strategies and Mechanisms Against CorruptionThe Philippines fight against corruption has lingered for decades. In this country, corruption is the offshoot of a culture of personalism in politics, a presidential structure which gives the President an extensive range of powers and a fragile party-system butterfingered in securing support through programmatic politics. Such arrangement places public policy-making in the hands of specific factions or elite circles that promote horse trading and spin fraudulent transaction within the system. It ha s led to institutionalization of corruption as it filters through all of the political system including official procedures and individual agencies (Balboa and Medalla, 2006, p. 12 Rocamora, 1997).A good number of self-regulating entities and activist groups have embarked on investigations and inquiries on Philippine corruption, with a common objective of upholding good governance, accountability and to aid in anti-corruption efforts (Pacoy, 2008, p. 55). However, several studies have revealed that it is not by chance why most government initiatives have been proven to be unsatisfactory and level(p) fail in its attempts to fight corruption (Larmour and Wolanin, 2001). Quite a lot of factors pave the expression and enable the culture of corruption to pervade which include the governance environment and lack of political within frail institutions (Varela, 1996). Among the most intense end results of corruption are a) societal displacement triggered by warped economic growth, poverty and income injustice b) crushed political trustworthiness and reliability and deflated bureaucracy and c) jeopardized public order and safety (Larmour and Wolanin, 2001).Figure 1 Number of Anti-Corruption ProgramsSource Hills Governance Center. TI-Philippines (2001), Directory of Institutions,Organizations Agencies convolute in Combating Corruption in the Philippines.Diverse initiatives have been carried out to combat corruption in the country. On the government side, these intercessions have been in the form of legal scaffolds, presidential pronouncements, proclamations and other regulations, anti-graft and corruption bodies like presidential committees, commissions, task forces and other committees and units created since the 1950s.In the 1987 Philippine reputation, the legal framework against corruption has been tryd in Article XI Section 1 which stipulates that, Public office is a public trust. Public officers and employees, must at all times, be accountable to the people , serve them with utmost responsibility, integrity, loyalty, and efficiency act with patriotism and justice, and lead modest lives. The abovementioned article equally affords an anti-graft judicial system and an Ombudsman (Section 5). The anti-graft court is called the Sandiganbayan and the Office of the Ombdusman is also known as the Tanodbayan. The latter has the rank equivalent weight to that of a Constitutional Commission.Almost each regime has a flagship committee created to respond to corruption issues and address corruption-related cases in the country (Appendix-1). However, many of them, except for the Presidential Commission against Graft and Corruption (PCAGC) that was instituted in 1994, were niggling lived and were substituted by a new office or task force when the term of office of the Presidents end.Fundamentally, the Philippines is not lacking in efforts in curtailing corruption. Anti-corruption policies and measures have been put in place to tackle diverse types of corrupt activities and conduct in the government. In truth, observation has been made that there are just too many laws and regulatory mechanisms and they ended up overlapping with each other. However, if just a some of them will be implemented thoroughly, these laws are adequate and wide-ranging enough to put off fraudulent practices.Almost all government administrations designed anti-corruption efforts its catchphrases and in the same way created new offices to perform these undertakings in order to produce the impression that the new administration is strict and uncompromising in its anti-corruption initiatives. However, creation of such bodies only led to superfluous functions and depletion of government resources.While the Philippines has adequately fashioned the legal scaffold to respond to the issue and address its concomitant problems and correspondingly created the institutions tasked to combat corruption, perceptibly, effective writ of execution of these initiatives has been truly lacking. Absence of a steadfast leadership and political will has made vulnerable these efforts to curtail corruption. It appears that crooked politicians and government officials seemed to be very germinal in their methods of circumventing the safeguards that have been in place and get away with it. Hence, it becomes imperative that policies targeted at thwarting acts of corruption and curtailing opportunities for corrupt activities must be at the means of every reform initiative.Weaknesses FailureCurrent initiatives/mechanisms to combat corruption practices and catch fraudulent officials have several limitations that eventually lead to their failure. Among these weaknesses are Ineffectual and tiresome implementation of anti-corruption laws Incapability and poor coordination between anti-corruption agencies The low social awareness of and high tolerance for corruption Lack of institutionalization of government-business-civil society collaboration Lack of integrity an d accountability in government-business transactions.In addition, most anti-corruption campaigns are hampered by logistical problems. The Office of the Ombudsman, the lead government body directed by the Philippine Constitution to combat corruption, only gets 0.065% of the total national budget. These logistical problems avert the hiring of competent staff to help guarantee the prompt and successful prosecution of corrupt public officials. On top of this issue on logistics, prosecution of public officials in the Philippines has not been very effective in position off corruption because court procedures are so sluggish and wearisome. Currently, the prosecution of corrupt public officials is exemplified by a very low conviction rate, in fact, according to a originator Ombudsman official, a high-ranking government official accused of graft and corruption has 94% chances of walking away (Marcelo, 2006, p. 37).In theory, the governments high-status lifestyle check is an excellent anti- corruption program, in practice, however, it has not been very efficient in unearthing irregularities and unlawful activities committed by many top-level officials. To this point, it has not been able to push many organizational insiders to report and provide evidence on the dubious standards of living and questionable sources of wealth of many public bureaucrats. The most important weaknesses of existing anti-corruption initiatives can be traced to derisory systems of putting into effect the code of transparency and accountability of those who hold public power. As it is, government dealings are still veiled in mystery, which increases the probability of demoralize or misuse of power for personal gain. These anti-corruption initiatives also depend greatly on mechanisms or instruments external to the agencies being observed.To address these weaknesses in existing anti-corruption strategies, organizational insiders or people with reliable information must be persuaded to report sha dy practices that principally transpire in organizational settings. Prompting the silent mass to report corrupt practices will generate alternative cultures or behavior that will in due course eliminate individual and societal grace for corruption.Strengthening Anti-Corruption InitiativesIn the Medium Term Philippine information Plan (NEDA, 2004), the national government comes clean with the fact that corruption is a key restriction to continued growth and development of the country and acknowledges that existing anti-corruption initiatives that include legislative actions and administrative measures to improve transparency and effectiveness of sanctions against corrupt behavior, have fallen short of expectations.The Office of the Ombudsman, the constitutional body tasked to curtail, if not totally eliminate, corruption, principally applies punitive and retributive procedures to in its anti-corruption approach. It also supports the employment of forceful imposition of administra tive sanctions, western fence lizard investigations and prosecution of graft cases and responsive public assistance as instruments to fight corruption. Concentrated graft watch over the system of government, values formation, collaboration with other government agencies, and enhancements in systems and procedures are the other constituents of its anti-corruption strategy. However, taken as a whole, the existing anti-corruption initiatives, which include the then high-profile lifestyle checks of public officials and employees, continue to perform under expectations (MTPDP, 2004).ConclusionCorruption is actually a governance issue because it involves efficient implementation of institutions and the well-organized and competent management of society via its political, economic, social and judicial mechanisms. With the collapse or failure of these formal and informal institutions, laws and policies that guarantee accountability and transparency of the government become harder to put in to operation.It can be gleaned then that ruling groups, at their will, can lessen accountability, either by lack of transparency or by affirming particular spheres of decision making off limits to inspection and intercession. Therefore, it is imperative that mechanisms aiming to reduce and supply opportunities to dominate power are in place so that actions and activities that could undercut accountability are instantaneously forestalled and obstructed. Ex-ante or preventive strategies should also be the nerve element of reform.Furthermore, since this issue is associated with the quality of leaders the country has, it is important that the anti-corruption endeavor is focused on political reform and democratization. In the Philippines, one of the root causes of corruption is tremendous personalism in Philippine politics and the winner takes all system of elections. Policies that will neutralize this structure must be endorsed.Likewise, the anti-corruption approach must be highlight ed by a committed leadership and proficient management to enable the execution of programs and make these programs and initiatives sustainable in the long run. Additionally, continued reengineering of the bureaucracy is also a great necessity, with reforms centered not only on attaining effectiveness and value, but also inculcating a culture of rules in the system.Lesson can be learn from Thai anti-corruption activist Pasuk Phongpaichit in curbing corruption. According to this activist, the control of corruption demands three strategies first, the formal machinery of monitoring officials and politicians needs to be drastically improved. There is a need for political will to implement this second, this will can be generated by popular pressure. We cannot expect the bureaucrats and politicians who benefit from the political system to reform themselves and third, the public must be educated to exert moral and political pressure to outlaw corruption. The mobilization of such public pr essure depends on a clearer arrest of the modern concepts of public office and public service and a more widespread awareness of the social costs and political risks which corruption entails.Six days (after 2001) since Transparency International accentuated the principal role of government in anti-corruption initiatives and governance reforms, the same call for action is perceived by civil servants today and is tardily but surely pervading the consciousness of Filipino constituents leading to the implacable demand for civil service reforms, financial competence and authentic civil society participation.Since fighting corruption is everyones concern, forceful and potent crusades are needed aside from passionate advocacy. The initiatives to diminish hoaxes and corruption in the government service no longer legal as idealistic or impossible as they were decades ago as the Filipino youth and the masses are fully conscious to the bleak reality that as long as corruption is left unche ck, integrity in politics and in the civil service will remain tainted and while politics is tarnished with issues on procurement and fiscal integrity, the civil service is perceived to have been constrained with public service delivery. Moral profligacy is extensive because even those with the highest righteous objectives are influenced to part with their morals into the politics of corruption.The fight against corruption should be more focused on put forward capture instead of defining it as an agency problem. Right now the battleground should be shifted from small wars (principal-agent problem) to a grand war (grand corruption, state capture). The challenge lies in the evolution of strategies that are more creative and rigorous and because the challenges are greater the more energy is needed. Due to the fact that the Philippines are a soft state, the country only has few resources to do the battle. Therefore it makes sense to concentrate resources on strategies that would make a big difference and provide the impetus for changes along a broad front. express in other words this would mean to do a lot for little instead of doing a little for a lot. Also, a shift should take place from personal (patronage) to impersonal exchange (rules that are enforced impartially). The country should come up with mechanism to develop constructs in which there are lucky incentives to impersonal transactions. Concluding one could argue that a good starting point is to devolve the power of discretion related through state capture, and to in effect reduce it by ensuring that big ticket items are out of reach of the few big payers who hold concentrated authority. The danger of course lies in the fact that this could lead to a decentralization of corruption. However, this would at least deal with a greater numbers of rent seekers which would restrict any one faction to a limited domain and prevents it from capturing regulations (Gonzalez et al., 2006, pp.41-42).Another matter of significance is that an enabling environment should must be created with incentives and disincentives for change because this is a critical factor in the picking and stepwise implementation of reform initiatives. And so as to obtain more insight into the problem of state capture, the political culture must be explored well to see how it works. Undertakings that are executed must be made sustainable because standalone endeavors are prone to be susceptible to state capture. Likewise, in order to prevent that new initiatives are blocked by inefficiencies at other levels, it is important that they transform into more comprehensive programs. Therefore, it is imperative that while helpful windows of opportunity may crop up, there is a need to focus on the long-term character of reform and to deal with existing expectations. To do this, actions that need to be embarked upon must be commenced with the necessary budget resources as well as capable and skillful manager to implement the t argeted and programmatic anti-corruption campaign. This is the part where civil society can play a vital role in the process because business associations and NGOs can help identify and classify priorities and monitor outcomes. However, they cannot deploy the political will and resources of the state that are needed in the end to create transparent and accountable institutions.Serious anti-corruption campaigns cannot only be commanded from the outside but also need committed leadership from within, more specifically from the topmost levels of the state. While the initial pressure for reform can come from below, any effective program should be support from the top. However, the downside is that any strategy that relies solely on high-level leadership will be vulnerable to the many uncertainties related to the political process. A convergence of strong players would make for a breakthrough performance against corruption.If leadership is broadly-based, this can make the difference in d evising means for sustaining ends. Broadening the number of stakeholders in various sectors and support their partaking in decision-making can end policy biases while the decisions are made in all transparency, open to the scrutiny of the public.There is HopeIf corruption is assumed to arise from greed and the discretionary powers of public officials, there is still fresh and enough hope for offering a vision of leadership and a strategic reform of the political and bureaucratic system and that of the peoples mind-set concerning public office and public service. Let this be the battle cry of every Filipino.ReferencesALRC. (2010). A consultation on corruption and counter-corruption across Asia.Article 2, 9, 1, pp. 1-80Balboa, J. and Medalla, E.M. (2006). Anti-corruption and governance the Philippineexperience. Philippine Institute for Development Studies Philippines APECStudy Center NetworkBertelsmann Stiftung. (2009). BTI 2010 Philippines country report. GuterslohBertelsmann Stiftu ngGonzalez, T. et al., (2006). Anti-corruption in the Philippines creating virtuous circles ofintegrity and accountability. The Development Academy of the Philippines,Centre for GovernanceLarmour, P. and Wolanin, N. (2001). Corruption and anti-corruption. Asia PacificPress. Asia Pacific School of Economics and Management Australian Instituteof CriminologyMarcelo, S. (2006). Combating Corruption in the Philippines. ADB/OECDAnti-Corruption Initiative for Asia and the Pacific.Availablehttp//www.adb.org/Documents/Books/ControllingCorruption/chapter1.pdf 18NEDA. (2004). Medium Term Philippine Development Plan (2004-2010). ManilaNational Economic Development AuthorityPacoy, E. P. (2008). Tracking anti-corruption initiatives perceptions and experiences inthe Philippines, JOAAG, 3, 1, p. 55Sullivan, J.D. (2000). Anti-Corruption Initiatives from a Business View Point. Center forInternational Private Enterprise, US Chamber of CommerceUSAID. (2005 March 17). fleck corruption. Retrieved Novem ber 25, 2010 fromwww.usaid.gov/our_work/democracy_and_governance/technical_areas/anti-corruption/Varela, A. (1996). Administrative culture and political change. College of PublicAdministration, University of the PhilippinesWorld Bank. (2001).Combating corruption in the Philippines an update. Pasig CityWorld BankFighting Corruption to Improve Governancehttp//www.undp.org/governance/docsaccount/fighting_corruption_to_improve_governance.pdfUNDP/OECD Integrity Improvement Initiatives in Developing Countrieshttp//magnet.undp.org/Docs/efa/corruption/Corrupti.htm

Is Was Unfortunate That AIDS Hit The Gay Community First :: Gay Lesbian Issues Essays

Is Was Unfortunate That AIDS Hit The Gay Community jumpIf the United States had known 20 years ago what it knows now about the transmission and progression of HIV, it would have most likely taken greater locomote to contain the spread of the virus. However, it was then unknown that each diagnosed case of AIDS represented hundreds of cases of undiagnosed HIV in the greater population. It was also unknown that HIVs eight-year incubation coupled with its mode of sexual transmission would rapidly result in one of the worst plagueys in modern history. In hindsight it is unfortunate that AIDS first-class honours degree broke out among a sector of american society which was as marginalized and sexually liberated as was the airy male sector of american society. notwithstanding all the positive measures taken by the gay community to promote AIDS awareness and research after the epidemic broke out, the adversarial relationship they had with the Reagan government and the promiscuity as sociated with their sexual revolution contributed towards the spread of AIDS.In the HBO movie, And the Band Played On, adapted from Randy Shiltss best-selling book of the same title, it is suggested that the spread of the AIDS epidemic could have been contained had the health issue been given appropriate attention and funding from the outset. This whitethorn not be true. Whether or not AIDS could have been contained may have depended on the population it was affecting. If so, the fact that AIDS hit the homosexual population first may have been particularly unfavorable for two reasons. First, tally to the best information on the risk of transmission associated with certain behaviors made available by the CDC, anal sex is the act mostly likely to contribute AIDS. Anal sex is practiced in the male homosexual population far more than in any other sector of american society. Second, the gay male population was considerably promiscuous in the early 1980s as a result of their recent sex ual revolution. Sexually transmitted unhealthiness such as syphilis, gonorrhea, and HIV ran rampant through public bath houses, where gay men would engage in anonymous sex with other men. These two factors contributed significantly to the spread of AIDS.While it is impossible to know if the AIDS epidemic could have been completely contained, it is certainly true that an earlier understanding of the HIV virus and its modes of transmission would have dissuaded some people from engaging in the types of high-risk behaviors associated with HIV transmission, and hence saved lives.

Exposing the Human Soul in Lord of the Flies Essays -- Lord Flies Essa

Exposing the Human Soul in Lord of the Flies William Golding in his novel Lord of the Flies symbolically describes the retrogression of a civilized society in three stages. Embedded at bottom this story of a group of young boys struggling to survive alone on a deserted island are insights to the capacity of evil within the human soul and how it enkindle completely destroy society. After a plane scare away that results in their inhabitation of the island, the boys establish a democratic society that thrives on order, necessity, and unity. Slowly, however, the peaceful society that they create shatters through a path of hatred, disrespect, murder, and the release of the received human soul. Upon a desolate tropical island, the lost boys begin to organize themselves to gain a sense of stability, order, and brotherhood. They elect Ralph, the oldest boy at twelve age of age, as leader and use a conch found in the lagoon as a symbol of democracy and respect. Two other children, Jack, the head of a choir group, and Simon, a small but intellectual boy, accompany Ralph on an expedition to determine whether the land is truly an island. They find that it is indeed true, and compose a plan to light a fire on the beach to create smoke their only hope of rescue. After they obtain the glasses of an intelligent and sort of fat child called Piggy, they make a fire using the sunlight and glass lenses. However, the fire spreads to the forest quickly and destroys the groups supply of firewood. The boys shrug this off as an accident and Ralph and Simon commence work on shelters. They begin to build a society that contains rules and government. I agree with Ralph, states Jack. Weve got to have rules and obey them. After a... ...tegrate in the evil within themselves. They start in peace and end in hatred and murder. With the exception of Ralph and Piggy, the boys completely abandon reason, civilization, and the thought of rescue. They fight the harmless beast that te rrifies them, not discriminating that something so much more fearful, deadly, and destructive lie within themselves. Being human, they have a capacity for evil inside of their soul that is immeasurable and can destroy the life of everyone around them, including their induce. They never realize this and continue to break their morals, which were simply superficial rules of society that were fed to them unwillingly. They act upon these morals despite their own thoughts and emotions. The latter is the definition of civilization. As it wears away layer after layer in this book, the true human soul is bared, naked and fearless.